Genetic engineering involves the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material to achieve a desired trait or characteristic.

Pharmacogenomics aims to develop personalized drug therapies by tailoring treatments to an individual's genetic makeup, ensuring optimal efficacy and minimizing adverse effects.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA by repeatedly copying it using a DNA polymerase enzyme.

Gene therapy involves introducing genetic material into cells to treat genetic disorders by correcting or replacing faulty genes.

DNA Microarray is a technique used to analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously by measuring the binding of labeled DNA or RNA probes to complementary DNA sequences on the microarray.

Genetic testing is used to identify genetic variations that may increase an individual's risk of developing certain diseases or conditions.

Genetic engineering involves the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material to achieve a desired trait or characteristic, resulting in the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Tissue engineering involves the use of cells, engineering methods, and biomaterials to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs.

DNA sequencing is a technique used to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Bioinformatics involves the use of computational tools and techniques to analyze and interpret biological data, such as DNA sequences, protein structures, and gene expression patterns.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric current to a gel containing the DNA samples.

Genetic counseling involves providing information and support to individuals and families affected by genetic conditions to help them understand their genetic risks and make informed decisions about their health.

Gene cloning involves isolating a gene from an organism and inserting it into a host organism, such as bacteria or yeast, to produce large quantities of the protein encoded by the gene.

Genetic engineering in medicine is primarily used to treat genetic disorders by correcting or replacing faulty genes and to produce therapeutic proteins, such as insulin and growth hormone, for the treatment of various diseases.

Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) is a technique used to identify genetic variations associated with diseases by comparing the genomes of individuals with and without the disease.