The Babylonians were known for their advanced knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, which they used to create accurate maps. They were also the first to divide the day into 24 hours and the year into 12 months.

Eratosthenes is considered the father of geography because he was the first to use mathematics and geometry to study the Earth. He also calculated the circumference of the Earth with remarkable accuracy.

Aristotle developed the concept of the four elements (earth, air, fire, and water) and believed that the Earth was spherical. He also wrote extensively about geography and natural history.

Strabo wrote a comprehensive treatise on geography called "Geographia". It was a detailed description of the world as known to the Romans, and it included information on climate, topography, and the people who lived in different regions.

Claudius Ptolemy developed the geocentric model of the universe, which placed the Earth at the center. This model was widely accepted until the 16th century, when Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun at the center.

Christopher Columbus is credited with discovering America. He landed in the Bahamas in 1492, believing that he had reached Asia.

Ferdinand Magellan used the ship Victoria to circumnavigate the globe. The Victoria was the only ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the journey.

Alfred Wegener developed the theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents had once been joined together. This theory was later confirmed by evidence from plate tectonics.

Harry Hess developed the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the Earth's lithosphere is divided into a number of tectonic plates. This theory revolutionized our understanding of the Earth's geology.

The Equator is the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5 degrees north of the Equator.

The Tropic of Capricorn is located at 23.5 degrees south of the Equator.

The Arctic Circle is located at 66.5 degrees north of the Equator.

The Antarctic Circle is located at 66.5 degrees south of the Equator.

The Prime Meridian is used as the reference point for measuring longitude.