Meghnad Saha, a renowned Indian astrophysicist, is widely regarded as the father of modern Indian cosmology for his pioneering work in stellar astrophysics and the development of the Saha ionization equation.

Jayant Narlikar, an eminent Indian cosmologist, is known for his work on the oscillatory universe model, also known as the Hoyle-Narlikar theory, which proposes that the universe undergoes a cycle of expansion and contraction.

AstroSat, India's first dedicated astronomy satellite, was launched in 2015 to study cosmic X-ray sources, including black holes, neutron stars, and galaxy clusters.

Abhay Ashtekar, a renowned Indian physicist, is known for his work on loop quantum gravity, a theory that attempts to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics, and for his contributions to the study of black holes and gravitational waves.

The Himalayan Chandra Telescope, located in the Himalayas at an altitude of 4,500 meters, is a gamma-ray telescope used to study cosmic rays and high-energy phenomena in the universe.

Alan Guth, an American cosmologist, is credited with developing the theory of cosmic inflation, which proposes a period of rapid expansion in the early universe that explains the observed homogeneity and isotropy of the cosmos.

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), located in Nainital, Uttarakhand, is home to a radio telescope that is used to study the cosmic microwave background radiation, the leftover radiation from the Big Bang.

T. Padmanabhan, a renowned Indian cosmologist, is known for his work on the evolution of galaxies, black hole physics, and the thermodynamics of gravity.

Aditya-L1 is India's first dedicated solar mission, scheduled for launch in 2023. It will study the Sun's corona, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections from a vantage point near the first Lagrange point (L1) between the Earth and the Sun.

R.K. Sheth, an Indian cosmologist, is known for his work on the large-scale structure of the universe, including the formation and evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

The Vainu Bappu Observatory, located in Kavalur, Tamil Nadu, is home to a telescope that is used to study the polarization of light from distant galaxies, providing insights into the magnetic fields and the evolution of galaxies.

P.C. Vaidya, an Indian physicist and cosmologist, is known for his work on the cosmic microwave background radiation and the Vaidya metric, which describes the spacetime around a radiating star.

Chandrayaan-1, India's first lunar mission, launched in 2008, carried instruments to study the Earth's magnetosphere, providing valuable insights into the interaction between the Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind.

Amitabha Sen, an Indian theoretical physicist, is known for his work on the theory of quantum gravity, including loop quantum gravity and black hole physics.

The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), located in Khodad, Maharashtra, is an array of radio telescopes used to study the radio emission from galaxies, quasars, and other cosmic objects.