Population growth is primarily driven by the difference between the birth rate and the death rate, with a higher birth rate leading to population growth.

Zero population growth occurs when the birth rate and death rate are equal, resulting in a stable population size.

Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, which can be either internal (within a country) or international (between countries).

Urbanization refers to the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities and towns.

An aging population refers to the increasing proportion of older people in a population, typically due to declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy.

The demographic transition theory suggests that population growth follows a predictable pattern of stages, from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, as a country develops.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can support, based on the availability of resources and the ability of the environment to absorb waste.

A high population growth rate is typically associated with a high fertility rate and a low infant mortality rate, rather than a low life expectancy.

Population momentum refers to the phenomenon where population growth continues to increase even after the fertility rate has declined, due to the large number of young people in the population who are reaching reproductive age.

Monaco has the highest population density in the world, with over 18,000 people per square kilometer.

Population decline refers to the process of a population decreasing in size, typically due to a low birth rate and/or a high death rate.

A low population growth rate is typically associated with a low fertility rate and a high infant mortality rate, rather than a high life expectancy.

Population diversity refers to the phenomenon where the population of a country or region becomes more diverse, typically due to migration and changes in demographic patterns.

Antarctica has the lowest population density in the world, with less than 1 person per square kilometer.

Demography is the study of population, including its size, composition, and distribution, as well as the factors that influence population change.