Interspecific relationships, such as predation and mutualism, are not direct factors that influence animal distribution. Instead, they are consequences of the distribution patterns shaped by other factors like climate, habitat, and competition.

The range of a species refers to the geographical area where it is naturally found and can reproduce.

The Giant Panda is an example of an endemic species because it is only found in a specific geographical area, namely, the mountainous regions of central China.

Endemism refers to the process by which a species becomes restricted to a particular geographical area, often due to factors such as isolation, adaptation, and competition.

The Brown Rat has a wide distribution, found in various habitats across the world, including urban, rural, and coastal areas.

Climate is not a barrier to animal dispersal in the same way that physical barriers like mountains, oceans, and deserts are. Animals can adapt to different climates over time, allowing them to disperse across various regions.

Migration refers to the regular, seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, often driven by factors such as food availability, breeding, and climate changes.

Hummingbirds are an example of a migratory species, known for their long-distance migrations between North and South America.

Range expansion refers to the process by which a species expands its range into new areas, often driven by factors such as population growth, resource availability, and habitat changes.

The Brown Rat is an example of a species that has undergone significant range expansion, successfully colonizing various habitats around the world.

Habitat selection refers to the process by which animals select specific habitats within their range, based on factors such as food availability, shelter, and protection from predators.

Polar Bears exhibit habitat selection by choosing areas with sea ice for hunting and breeding, as well as coastal areas with access to food resources.

Zoogeography is the study of the distribution of animals on Earth, examining patterns and processes that shape animal ranges and endemism.

Climate is a major factor influencing animal distribution patterns on a global scale, as it affects factors such as temperature, precipitation, and vegetation, which in turn shape the availability of resources and suitable habitats.

Biogeography is the study of the factors that influence animal distribution patterns, including climate, habitat, competition, and historical factors.