UV filters are primarily used to protect the front element of the lens from ultraviolet radiation, which can cause haze and reduce image quality.

Polarizing filters are designed to reduce reflections and glare from non-metallic surfaces, such as water, glass, and foliage, by selectively blocking certain wavelengths of light.

Neutral density filters are used to reduce the amount of light entering the lens, allowing photographers to use slower shutter speeds or wider apertures in bright conditions.

Diffusion filters are designed to create a soft-focus effect by scattering light as it passes through the filter, resulting in a dreamy or ethereal look.

Graduated neutral density filters are used to balance the exposure between the sky and the foreground in a scene, allowing photographers to properly expose both areas without overexposing one or underexposing the other.

Star filters are designed to create a starburst effect around bright light sources, such as the sun or city lights, by diffracting the light as it passes through the filter.

Color filters are used to add a specific color cast to the image, either for creative purposes or to correct color imbalances.

Contrast filters are designed to enhance the contrast of the image by increasing the difference between the light and dark areas.

Infrared filters are used to allow infrared light to pass through the lens, enabling photographers to capture infrared images, which can reveal hidden details and create unique artistic effects.

Vignette filters are designed to create a vignette effect, which is a gradual darkening of the edges of the image, often used to draw attention to the center of the frame.

Close-up filters are used to allow photographers to focus on objects at close range, enabling them to capture macro or close-up images.

Portrait filters are designed to reduce the appearance of skin blemishes and wrinkles, creating a more flattering look for portrait photography.

Fog filters are used to create a hazy or foggy effect in the image, often used to add atmosphere or a sense of mystery to the scene.

Black and white filters are used to create a black and white effect in the image, converting the colors to shades of gray.

Warming filters are used to add a warm tone to the image, often used to create a more inviting or nostalgic look.