Single-payer healthcare is a system in which the government is the sole payer for healthcare services. This means that all citizens have access to healthcare, regardless of their ability to pay.

Managed care is a system of healthcare delivery that emphasizes cost control and efficiency. Managed care plans typically use a network of healthcare providers who have agreed to provide services at a discounted rate.

Price controls are government-imposed limits on the prices that healthcare providers can charge for their services. Price controls are often used to reduce healthcare costs, but they can also lead to shortages of healthcare services.

Value-based purchasing is a system of healthcare payment that rewards healthcare providers for providing high-quality care. Under value-based purchasing, healthcare providers are paid based on the quality of the care they provide, rather than the quantity of services they provide.

Capitation is a system of healthcare payment in which healthcare providers are paid a fixed amount of money per patient, regardless of the number of services the patient receives. Capitation encourages healthcare providers to reduce unnecessary care, because they are not paid for services that are not provided.

Reference pricing is a system of healthcare payment in which the government sets a maximum price that can be charged for a particular drug. Reference pricing encourages the use of generic drugs, because generic drugs are typically less expensive than brand-name drugs.

Health information technology (HIT) is the use of electronic systems to store, manage, and transmit health information. HIT can help to reduce healthcare costs by improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery and by reducing the need for duplicate tests and procedures.

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are groups of healthcare providers who work together to provide coordinated care to patients. ACOs are paid based on the quality and cost of the care they provide, which encourages them to coordinate care and reduce unnecessary care.

Preventive care is care that is provided to prevent illness or injury. Preventive care can help to reduce healthcare costs by reducing the need for more expensive treatment later on.

Chronic care management is care that is provided to help people manage chronic conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Chronic care management can help to reduce healthcare costs by preventing complications and hospitalizations.

End-of-life care is care that is provided to people who are dying. End-of-life care can help to reduce healthcare costs by reducing the need for expensive medical interventions.

Palliative care is care that is provided to people who are seriously ill. Palliative care can help to reduce healthcare costs by reducing the need for expensive medical interventions.

Hospice care is care that is provided to people who are terminally ill. Hospice care can help to reduce healthcare costs by reducing the need for expensive medical interventions.

Home healthcare is care that is provided to people in their homes. Home healthcare can help to reduce healthcare costs by reducing the need for hospitalizations and other expensive medical interventions.

Telemedicine is the use of electronic communications to provide healthcare services. Telemedicine can help to reduce healthcare costs by reducing the need for travel and other expenses.