René Descartes, in his famous work "Meditations on First Philosophy", argued that the existence of God is a necessary truth that can be known through reason alone.

Monotheism is the belief that there is only one God, in contrast to polytheism, which is the belief in multiple gods.

Epicurus, in his work "On the Nature of the Gods", argued that the existence of evil is incompatible with the existence of an all-powerful and benevolent God.

Agnosticism is the belief that the existence or non-existence of God is unknowable or beyond human comprehension.

Søren Kierkegaard, in his work "Concluding Unscientific Postscript", argued that religious beliefs are ultimately based on faith rather than reason.

Pantheism is the belief that God is present in all things and that the universe is essentially divine.

Thomas Aquinas, in his work "Summa Theologica", argued that the existence of God can be proven through the cosmological argument, which starts from the existence of the universe and argues for the existence of a first cause or creator.

Transcendence is the belief that God is beyond human understanding and cannot be fully comprehended.

Ludwig Feuerbach, in his work "The Essence of Christianity", argued that religious beliefs are a product of human psychology and social conditioning.

Immanence is the belief that God is actively involved in the world and interacts with humans.

William James, in his work "The Varieties of Religious Experience", argued that the existence of God is a matter of personal faith and cannot be proven through reason.

Deism is the belief that God created the universe but is no longer involved in its operation.

Immanuel Kant, in his work "Critique of Practical Reason", argued that the existence of God is a necessary postulate for morality.

Pantheism is the belief that there is a fundamental unity between God and the universe.

Ludwig Wittgenstein, in his work "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus", argued that religious beliefs are a product of human language and cultural practices.