The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century, driven by factors such as the availability of coal and iron ore, a growing population, and a spirit of innovation.

Steam engines, powered by coal, were the primary source of energy during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. They were used to power factories, locomotives, and ships.

The spinning jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, was a multi-spindle spinning frame that greatly increased the productivity of spinning cotton yarn.

Railroads, powered by steam locomotives, became the primary mode of transportation during the Industrial Revolution, enabling the efficient movement of goods and people.

The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of a large working class, consisting of factory workers, miners, and other laborers who worked in the new industries.

Adam Smith's 'The Wealth of Nations', published in 1776, is considered a foundational work in classical economics and greatly influenced economic thought during the Industrial Revolution.

The telegraph, invented in the early 19th century, enabled rapid communication over long distances, transforming business and social interactions.

Chartism was a political movement in Britain during the 19th century that advocated for the rights of working-class people, including universal suffrage and improved working conditions.

The Bessemer process, invented by Henry Bessemer in 1856, revolutionized the production of steel, making it stronger, cheaper, and more widely available.

Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and philanthropist who advocated for improved working conditions, cooperative ownership, and social welfare during the Industrial Revolution.

The reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831, revolutionized the harvesting of crops, greatly increasing agricultural productivity.

Laissez-faire is an economic theory that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing market forces to operate freely.

The Leblanc process, invented by Nicolas Leblanc in 1791, revolutionized the production of soda ash, a key ingredient in glass, soap, and other industries.

Socialism is a political and economic theory that advocates for social ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods.

The concept of interchangeable parts, pioneered by Eli Whitney in the early 19th century, revolutionized manufacturing by enabling the mass production of standardized components.