Retributive theory advocates for punishment as a form of payback for the crime committed. It seeks to balance the scales of justice by inflicting a penalty that is proportionate to the harm caused.

Utilitarian theory aims to prevent future crimes by discouraging potential offenders through the threat of punishment. It seeks to maximize overall societal happiness by minimizing harm.

Restorative theory emphasizes the importance of addressing the harm caused by crime and facilitating healing for both victims and offenders. It seeks to repair broken relationships and restore social harmony.

Rehabilitative theory aims to transform offenders' behavior by providing them with opportunities for education, skill development, and therapy. It seeks to reduce recidivism and promote successful reintegration into society.

Incapacitation theory seeks to prevent future crimes by physically or legally restricting offenders' ability to engage in criminal behavior. This can involve imprisonment, electronic monitoring, or other forms of control.

Deterrence theory aims to prevent crime by instilling fear of punishment in potential offenders. It assumes that the threat of negative consequences will outweigh the perceived benefits of criminal behavior.

Social control theory focuses on the mechanisms that society uses to maintain order and prevent deviance. It suggests that punishment is a tool for enforcing social norms and deterring non-conformity.

Restorative justice aims to address the harm caused by crime and facilitate healing for both victims and offenders. It seeks to repair broken relationships and restore social harmony through dialogue, mediation, and community involvement.

Rehabilitative theory seeks to transform offenders' behavior by providing them with opportunities for education, skill development, and therapy. It aims to reduce recidivism and promote successful reintegration into society.

Just deserts theory emphasizes the idea that punishment should be proportionate to the severity of the crime and that offenders deserve to be punished for their actions.

Critical criminology theory examines the relationship between crime, power, and social inequality. It argues that punishment often perpetuates social injustice and that addressing the root causes of crime requires systemic changes.

Symbolic interactionism theory explores how individuals interpret and respond to punishment. It examines the social meanings and interactions surrounding punishment and how they shape individuals' behavior.

Victim-centered theory places the needs and perspectives of victims at the forefront of the criminal justice process. It advocates for involving victims in decision-making and ensuring that their rights and interests are protected.

Labeling theory examines how societal labels and reactions to deviance can shape individuals' self-concept and behavior. It suggests that labeling individuals as criminals can lead to further deviance and stigmatization.

Mens rea theory focuses on the offender's mental state and intent at the time of committing the crime. It argues that punishment should be proportionate to the degree of culpability and that individuals should not be held responsible for actions they did not intend to commit.