Jean Buridan was a French philosopher and scientist who developed the theory of impetus, which was a precursor to the concept of inertia. He argued that a moving object would continue to move until it was acted upon by an external force.

The huochong was a medieval Chinese gunpowder weapon that was used to launch projectiles. It was a type of cannon that was made of metal or bamboo and was fired using gunpowder.

Al-Battani was a medieval Arab astronomer and mathematician who developed a theory of planetary motion that was later adopted by Nicolaus Copernicus. He argued that the Earth rotated on its axis and that the planets revolved around the Sun.

The University of Bologna was founded in 1088 and is considered to be one of the oldest universities in the world. It was a center of learning for law, medicine, and the arts.

Antoine Lavoisier was a French chemist who developed the theory of the conservation of mass. He showed that the mass of the products of a chemical reaction is equal to the mass of the reactants.

Woodblock printing was a medieval Chinese printing technique that used wooden blocks to print text. It was invented in the 9th century and was used to print books, newspapers, and other documents.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the theory of the heliocentric universe, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system. He published his theory in his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium in 1543.

The University of Montpellier was founded in 1220 and is considered to be one of the oldest medical schools in the world. It was a center of learning for medicine, surgery, and pharmacy.

Galen was a Greek physician who developed the theory of the four humors, which was a dominant medical theory in Europe for centuries. He argued that the human body was composed of four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The balance of these humors determined a person's health.

The University of Paris was founded in 1209 and is considered to be one of the oldest universities in the world. It was a center of learning for theology, law, medicine, and the arts.

Al-Biruni was a Persian polymath who developed the theory of the tides, which explained the rise and fall of the oceans. He argued that the tides were caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun.

The magnetic compass was a medieval Chinese compass that was used for navigation. It was invented in the 11th century and was used to determine the direction of north.

Al-Biruni was a Persian polymath who developed the theory of the motion of projectiles, which was a precursor to the concept of gravity. He argued that the motion of projectiles was caused by an initial force that was imparted to the projectile by the thrower.

The University of Oxford was founded in 1167 and is considered to be one of the oldest universities in the world. It was a center of learning for theology, law, medicine, and the arts.

Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who developed the theory of the conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. He also developed the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.