The Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe, characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning and culture.

Leonardo da Vinci is considered one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance, known for his paintings, sculptures, and architecture.

David is a famous work of art by Michelangelo, a sculpture depicting the biblical figure David.

The Reformation was a religious movement that began in the 16th century, challenging the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of Protestantism.

Martin Luther is considered one of the leading figures of the Reformation, known for his Ninety-Five Theses and his role in the Protestant Reformation.

Sola fide (faith alone), sola scriptura (scripture alone), and sola gratia (grace alone) were key principles of Martin Luther's teachings.

Exsurge Domine was the document issued by Pope Leo X in 1520, condemning Martin Luther's teachings and threatening him with excommunication.

Wittenberg was a major center of the Protestant Reformation in Germany, where Martin Luther taught and preached.

The Peace of Augsburg was the agreement reached in 1555 between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Protestant princes of Germany, ending the religious wars and establishing the principle of cuius regio, eius religio.

Geneva was a major center of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, where John Calvin taught and preached.

Anglicanism is the religious movement that emerged in England in the 16th century, led by King Henry VIII, which broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England.

Thomas Cranmer, Thomas More, and William Tyndale were all key figures in the English Reformation.

The Act of Supremacy was the document that established the Church of England as the official church of the realm and declared the king to be its supreme head.

Strasbourg was a major center of the Protestant Reformation in France.

The French Wars of Religion, Thirty Years' War, and Huguenot Wars were all names for the religious wars that took place in France in the 16th century between Catholics and Protestants.