The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE is traditionally seen as the beginning of the Medieval period.

The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, emerged after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and lasted for over a thousand years.

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 CE, establishing the Carolingian Empire.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages, primarily in the Holy Land.

William the Conqueror, also known as William I, led the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, defeating Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings.

The Magna Carta was a document signed by King John of England in 1215 that limited the power of the monarchy and established the principle of due process of law.

Florence became a major center of trade and culture during the Renaissance, known for its art, architecture, and literary achievements.

The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism.

Elizabeth I, also known as the Virgin Queen, is known for her reign during which England experienced a period of prosperity and cultural flourishing, known as the Elizabethan Era.

The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and France in the 14th and 15th centuries, primarily over the control of the French throne.

The Black Death, also known as the Bubonic Plague, caused widespread devastation in Europe during the 14th century, killing an estimated 25-30 million people.

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who reached the Americas in 1492, believing he had reached Asia.

Edward IV was an English king known for his role in the War of the Roses and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville.

Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, was a French king who led the Crusades and was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers.

Henry VIII was an English king known for his role in the English Reformation and his marriage to six wives.