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Excretory system and products - class-XII

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The longest loop of Henle is found in 

  1. Kangaroo rat

  2. Opposum

  3. Rhesus monkey

  4. Porcupine


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Kangaroo rat lives in the desert, therefore, it needs to conserve water in the body. In kangaroo rat, the loop of Henle is significantly longer as it descends further into the medulla and produces a higher concentration gradient in the surrounding tissue so as to produce urine which is 18 times concentrated than that of their blood. This gradient allows more water to diffuse into the surrounding tissues to be reabsorbed. 
So the correct answer is 'Kangaroo rat'.

An organism which has Malpighian tubule as excretory organ can be placed in phylum

  1. Arthropda

  2. Annelida

  3. Platyhelminthes

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs in all insects. The tubules often occur in two’s or multiples of two. As insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda, the organism must be placed under it. 

So, the correct option is 'Arthropoda'.

Name the excretory organs of grasshopper.

  1. Malphigian tubule

  2. Nephridia

  3. Flame cells

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The excretory organs of grasshopper are the malpighian tubules which are coiled about in the haemocoel and open into the anterior end of the hindgut. The malpighian tubules have a wall of a single layer of cells with striated inner border. Their free ends are completely closed. In the majority of Arthropods, Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs. So, the correct option is 'Malpighian tubule'.

Organs of excretion in annelids are

  1. Suckers

  2. Nephridia

  3. Lungs

  4. Kidney


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Organs of excretion in annelids are nephridia. The nephridium is an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and performs a function similar to the vertebrate kidney. Nephridia remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body. 
So, the correct answer is 'Nephridia'.

Kidney of adult reptile is 

  1. Metanephric

  2. Mesonephric

  3. Pronephric

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

On the basis of development, there three types of kidneys as pronephric kidney, mesonephric kidney and the metanephric kidney.

A. The metanephric kidney is present in the reptiles, birds, and mammals. In these types, the glomeruli are well developed.
B. The mesonephric kidney is present in adult fishes and amphibians. They have internal glomeruli enclosed in capsules forming Malpighian bodies.
C. The pronephric kidney occurs in jawless fishes and represents the earliest stage.
Hence, the correct answer is 'Metanephric'

The excretory product of fresh water fishes is _____.

  1. Urea

  2. Uric acid

  3. Ammonia

  4. Guanine


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The excretory product of freshwater fishes is 'ammonia'.

The most advanced kidneys in which loop of Henle is present are called metanephric kidneys,these are in all;except one

  1. Amphibians

  2. Reptiles

  3. Birds

  4. Mammals


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

  • Amphibians have mesonephric type of kidneys which are primitive compared to metanephric kidneys. 
  • Mesonephric kidneys do not have nephrons but their nephrons do not contain a loop of Henle.
So, the correct option is 'Amphibians'.

Nephridia are the excretory organ of ___________.

  1. Protozoans

  2. Coelenterates

  3. Flatworms

  4. Annelids


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Nephridia: a tubule open to the exterior which acts as an organ of excretion or osmoregulation. It typically has ciliated or flagellated cells and absorptive walls. Nephridia remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body. They are present in many different invertebrate lines. There are two basic types, metanephridia and protonephridia, but there are other types. A metanephridium is a type of excretory gland found in many types of invertebrates such as annelids, arthropods and Mollusca.

So, the correct answer is 'Annelids'.

In which one of the following organisms its excretory organs are correctly stated?

  1. Frog - kidneys, skin and buccal epithelium

  2. Human - kidneys, sebaceous glands and tear glands

  3. Earthworm - pharyngeal, integumentary and septal nephridia

  4. Cockroach - Malpighian tubules and enteric caeca


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Nephridia is the earthworm's excretory organ. Earthworms are called septal, integumentary, and pharyngeal nephridia in three kinds of nephridial structures. These three nephridial structures are present in various body positions and differ in structures as well. Septal and pharyngeal nephridia are both enteronephric, i.e. they expel nitrogen products to the gut. Integumentary nephridia is exonephric, i.e. products of nitrogen waste are discharged outside straigh

Excretory organs of protochordate Amphioxus are

  1. Malpighian tubules

  2. Protonephridia

  3. Kidney

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Amphioxus or Branchiostoma is a peculiar chordate animal, which does not have excretory organs in the form of mesodermal kidneys but are in the form of protonephridia. They are similar to protonephridia of flat worms or polychaete, annelids and they are ectodermal in origin. In Amphioxus there are 90 to 100 pairs of protonephridia present segmentally on dorso-lateral pharyngeal wall one above each gill slit on either side. Simply, they are ciliated, thin walled, closed ectodermal tubules like structures.

Frog's kidneys for communication with the coelom has

  1. Nephridiopores

  2. Septal nephridia

  3. Nephrostomes

  4. Renal pores


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The original nephrostomes remain in the adult frog on the ventral face of the kidney as ciliated peritoneal funnels. These convey coelomic fluids directly into the blood sinuses of the kidney. They are regarded as accessory excretory structures.

In which one of these, gut expels excretory products?

  1. Man

  2. Frog

  3. Dog

  4. Earthworm


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The excretory organs of earthworm are coiled tubular structures, known as nephridia. A nephridium consists of a ciliated nephridial canal, that opens into the coelom by nephrostome and to the exterior or in the gut by nephridiopore. The walls of nephridia are glandular and richly supplied with blood vessels, they extract solutes and water from the blood by ultra filtration, and discharge the filtrate into the nephridial canal. 

In the nephridial canal, the useful materials are reabsorbed from filtrate and some waste material are secreted into it. The final urine, so formed is then discharged into the gut from where it comes to the exterior from the opening, called as nephridiopore. Excretion through alimentary canal is an adaptation for water conservation.

Match the excretory organs with the animals given.Choose the answer which gives the correct combination of alphabets of the two columns.

List 1 List 2
A. Nephridia 1.Octopus
B. Malpighian tubules 2. Cockroach
C. Protonephridia 3. Shark
D. Kidneys 4. Tape worms
  1. A=2,B=4,C=3,D=1

  2. A=1,B=2,C=4,D=3

  3. A=4,B=2,C=1,D=5

  4. A=2,B=5,C=4,D=3


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

In most of the invertebrates, the excretory structures are simple tubular forms whereas vertebrates have complex tubular organs called kidneys. Shark is a vertebrate and has kidneys as excretory structures.
Protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate Amphioxus. Protonephridia are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation, i.e., osmoregulation.
Nephridia are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids like Leech. Nephridia help to remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance.
Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of most of the insects including cockroaches. Malpighian tubules help in the removal of nitrogenous wastes and osmoregulation.

Which one of the following groups of structures/organs have similar function?

  1. Typhlosole in earthworm, intestinal villi in rat and contractile vacuole in Amoeba.

  2. Nephridia in earthworm, Malpighian tubules in cockroach and urinary tubules in a rat.

  3. Antennae of cockroach, tympanum of frog and clitellum of a earthworm.

  4. Incisors of rat, gizzard (proventriculus) of cockroach and tube feet of starfish.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Nephridial organs, or nephridia, are excretory structures that evolved in many invertebrates, including flatworms, nemerteans, rotifers, annelids, mollusks, and lancelets. Each nephridial organ consists of simple or branching tubes that typically open to the outside of the body through excretory pores, called nephridiopores. Two types of nephridial organs are protonephridia and metanephridia. The excretory system of insects and spiders consists of several hundred Malpighian tubules. Malpighian tubules are slender extensions of the gut wall. Their blind ends lie in the hemocoel (blood cavity) and are bathed in hemolymph. The mammalian urinary system consists of the kidneys, the urinary bladder, and associated ducts. Each kidney has more than 1 million functional units called nephrons. A nephron consists of a cuplike Bowmans capsule connected to a long, partially coiled renal tubule.
In option A typhlosole is an intestinal fold for absorption but contractile vacuole is meant for osmoregulation. In option C a
ntennae of cockroach are sensory but clitellum of earth worm forms cocoon. In option D tube feet of starfish are meant for locomotion and not related to other structures mentioned which have a role in digestion of food.

'Green Gland' is the excretory organ of 

  1. Prawn

  2. Butterfly

  3. Snail

  4. Earthworm


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

'Green Gland' is one of the pair of excretory organs in each side of the head region of decapod crustaceans, emptying at the base of the antennae. Prawns have green glands for excretion.

Solenocytes help in 

  1. Excretion

  2. Respiration

  3. Photosynthesis

  4. Circulation


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Solenocytes are a type of long, narrow, flagellated cell that functions in excretion of nitrogenous wastes and occurs in a variety of organisms, including certain annelids and molluscs.

Ureters act as Wolffian or urinogenital duct in 

  1. Both male and female frog

  2. Male frog

  3. Human male

  4. Human female


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Wolffian duct is also called as archinephric duct, is a pair of tubes that carry urine from primitive or embryonic kidneys to the exterior or to a primitive bladder. 

In amphibians, the reproductive system encroaches on the Wolffian duct. In some species the duct carries both urine and sperm, but most amphibians develop a separate tube to carry urine from the kidney.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Consider the following statements.
I. Flame cells are excretory structures in flatworms.
II. Green glands are excretory organs in annelids.
III. Columns of Bertini are the conical projections of renal pelvis into renal medulla between the renal pyramids.

  1. I and II are correct.

  2. II and III are incorrect.

  3. I and III are correct.

  4. I, II and III are correct.

  5. I, II and III are incorrect.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Various animals of animal kingdom presents a variety of excretory structures. In most of the invertebrates, these structures are simple tubular forms. Protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate Amphioxus. Protonephridia are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation, i.e., osmoregulation. Nephridia are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids. Nephridia help to remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance. Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of most of the insects including cockroaches. Malpighian tubules help in the removal of nitrogenous wastes and osmoregulation. Antennal glands or green glands perform the excretory function in crustaceans like prawns. Vertebrates have complex tubular organs called kidneys as primary excretory organ. Towards the centre of the inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called hilum through which ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter. Inner to the hilum is a broad funnel shaped space called the renal pelvis with projections called calyces. The outer layer of kidney is a tough capsule. Inside the kidney, there are two zones, an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The medulla is divided into a few conical masses (medullary pyramids) projecting into the calyces (sing.: calyx). The cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal columns called Columns of Bertini.

Which of the following is concerned with the formation of urea in rabbit?

  1. Blood

  2. Kidney

  3. Spleen

  4. Liver


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Mammals like humans and rabbit, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic animals. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals and released into the blood, which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys. Some amount of urea may be retained in the kidney matrix of some of these animals to maintain a desired osmolarity.

Select the wrongly paired one from the following.

  1. Hepatic caecae - Exretion

  2. Crop in grasshopper - Temporary storage of food

  3. Blood of grasshopper - Haemolymph

  4. Egetion - Removal of undigested food from the body.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Hepatic caecum is found in grasshopper, which secretes enzymes into the stomach here they assist in the digestive process.
The food in the grasshopper, after entering into oesophagus, enters into the crop. here, the masticated food is temporary stored.
The hemolymph is equivalent to blood of grasshopper
Egestion is the process of discharging undigested or waste material from a cell of organ.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

In the urinogenital organs of rabbit, which one of following part is present in male but not in female?

  1. Urethra

  2. Fallopian tube

  3. Vagina

  4. Vas deferens


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens, is a tiny muscular tube in the male reproductive system that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. 

Proboscis gland in Balanoglossus is associated with

  1. Digestion

  2. Respiration

  3. Circulation

  4. Excretion

  5. Reproduction


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In the substrate eaters like Balanoglossus, the excretory organ is glomerulus or proboscis gland lying in front of the central sinus and projecting into the proboscis coelom.

Consider the following statements and choose the correct option.
A. Flame cells are excretory structures in flatworms. 
B. Green gland are excretory organs in annelids. 
C. Columns of Bertini are the conical projections of renal pelvis into renal medulla between the renal pyramids.

  1. A and B are correct

  2. B and C are incorrect

  3. A and C are correct

  4. A, B and C are correct

  5.  A, B and C are incorrect


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Green glands are excretory organs in crustaceans. The excretory organ in annelids is nephridia. The column of bertini is an extension of renal cortex between the renal pyramids.

Many freshwater animals cannot live for long in sea water and nice versa mainly because of the

  1. Change in N levels

  2. Change in the levels of thermal tolerance

  3. Variations in light intensity

  4. Osmotic problems

  5. Spectral quality of solar radiation


Correct Option: D

In adult Frog, the kidney is

  1. Pronephros

  2. Opisthonephros

  3. Mesonephros

  4. Metanephros


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The metanephric kidneys are a paired compact organ whose functional units are nephrons. The nephrons filter initial urine from the blood, reabsorbing water and nutrients, and secrete wastes, producing the final urine, which is expelled. In adult Frog, The kidney is Metanephros.

So, the correct answer is 'Metanephros'.

Flame cells are excretory organs of

  1. Prawn

  2. Planaria

  3. Silver fish

  4. Hydra


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Planarians are one of the types of flatworms belonging to the class Turbellaria. The excretory organs of planarians are flame cells. The flame cells work like a kidney and remove excretory wastes from the body.

So, the correct answer is 'Planaria'.

Sea Gulls excrete salts through

  1. Liver

  2. Lungs

  3. Urine

  4. Nasal gland


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Sea gulls are marine birds belonging to the family Laridae. They drink salt water as a result to maintain their osmotic balance they excrete salts through nasal gland or salt gland present in the nostrils and assist kidney in maintaining electrolyte balance.

So, the correct answer is 'Nasal gland'.

In Amoeba, $NH _3$ is excreted through

  1. Food vacuole

  2. Plasma membrane

  3. Contractile vacuole

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Amoeba is a fresh water unicellular organism. In amoeba the excretory waste is ammonia. The excretory waste present in the cytoplasm is collected by contractile vacuole then this excretory waste i.e NH$ _3$ is excreted through plasma membrane by diffusion.

So, the correct answer is 'Plasma membrane'.

In Hydra, wastes of food digestion and nitrogenous wastes are removed from

  1. Mouth and mouth

  2. Mouth and tentacles

  3. Body wall and body wall

  4. Mouth and body wall


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Hydra is a freshwater sessile organism belonging to the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. They are found in lakes, pond, and stream. Hydra is ammonotelic i.e they secrete ammonia as chief excretory nitrogenous waste. In hydra specialized excretory organs are absent hence in hydra, wastes of food digestion and nitrogenous wastes are removed from mouth and body wall.

So, the correct answer is 'Mouth and body wall'.

Ciliated funnels found on the ventral side of kidney in Frog are

  1. Ostia

  2. Nephrostomes

  3. Bidders organs

  4. Corpora adiposa


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The excretory system of frog consists of a pair of kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and cloaca. On the ventral surface of the kidney in the frog, there are ciliated funnels present called as nephrostome. The nephrostome is internally lined with cilia, its function is to push water, metabolic wastes and other substances into metanephridium (Kidney).

So, the correct answer is 'Nephrostomes'.

Xenopus excretes

  1. Uric acid

  2. Urea

  3. Ammonia

  4. Creatinine


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The frogs which are highly aquatic belongs to the genus xenopus. They are usually found in lakes, rivers, swamps. The xenopus excretes ammonia as nitrogenous waste hence ammonotelic.

So, the correct answer is 'Ammonia'.

Urinary bladder is absent in

  1. Aves

  2. Reptiles

  3. Amphibians

  4. Mammal


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
In mammals, urine is made in the kidneys and travels down through two tubes called ureters to the muscular sac called as urinary bladder. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled. The urinary bladder is absent in aves because they do not urinate, their excretory waste is excreted as white paste through the cloaca.
So, the correct answer is 'Aves'.

Excretory organs of flatworms / Taenia are

  1. Flame cells

  2. Nephridia

  3. Malpighian tubules

  4. Renette glands


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms (except the turbellarian order Acoela), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials.
So, the correct option is 'Flame cells'.

Kidneys are excretory organs in

  1. All chordates

  2. Mammals only

  3. Mammals and amphibians only

  4. Mammals, reptiles and amphibians only


Correct Option: A,C
Explanation:

For many chordates, the urinary system is a critical component of the excretory system. It is made up of organs such as the kidneys and bladder, structures such as a urethra or cloaca, and even arteries such as the aorta. The urinary system is responsible for both creating and excreting urine, which it does to regulate the amount of water and solutes within the body. Amazingly enough, the urinary system also works closely with hormones in your body that signal when you start to become dehydrated or when there is too much fluid in your body.

So, the correct option is 'All chordates'.

Antennary glands of crustaceans are meant for

  1. Gustatoreception

  2. Olfactoreception

  3. Tangoreception

  4. Excretion


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In decapod crustaceans, the excretory organs are known as antennary glands or green glands. These glands are opaque-white, pea seed sized structures, enclosed in the coxa of each second antenna. These glands play an important role in the process of excretion.


So, the correct option is 'Excretion'.

Which of the following groups have similar function?

  1. Typhlosole in Earthworm, intestinal villi in Rat and contractile vacuole in Amoeba

  2. Nephridia in Earthworm, malpighian tubules in Cockroach and urinary tubules in Rat

  3. Antennae in Cockroach, tympanum of Frog and clitellum of Earthworm.

  4. Incisors of Rat, gizzard (proventricules ) of Cockroach and tube feet of Starfish


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Earthworms (annelids) have slightly more evolved excretory structures called nephridia. A pair of nephridia is present on each segment of the earthworm. Malpighian tubules are found lining the gut of some species of arthropods, such as the bee. They are usually found in pairs and the number of tubules varies with the species of insect.


So, the correct option is 'Option B'.

Consider the following statements
I. Flame cells are excretory structures in flatworms
II. Green glands are excretory organs in annelids
III. Columns of Bertin are a conical projection of renal pelvis into renal medulla between the renal pyramids.

  1. II and III incorrect

  2. I and II correct

  3. I and III correct

  4. I, II and III correct


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
II) Green glands are excretory organs of some arthropods like crustaceans. They are also called antennal glands because these glands are located near the base of larger antennae.
III) Columns of Bertin is the projection of cortex into the renal medulla as renal columns in between the renal pyramids.
So, the correct answer is 'II and III are incorrect'.

Green glands present in some arthropods help

  1. Respiration

  2. Excretion

  3. Digestion

  4. Reproduction


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Green glands are excretory organs of some arthropods like crustaceans. They are also called antennal glands because these glands are located near the base of larger antennae. Each gland has three parts end sac, labyrinth and bladder. The labyrinth is the proper excretory gland. Hence green glands help in excretion.

So, the correct answer is 'Excretion'.

Antennal gland functions as excretory organ in

  1. Planaria

  2. Prawn

  3. Earthworm

  4. Cockroach


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Green glands are excretory organs of some arthropods like crustaceans.  For example, prawns, crayfishes, lobsters etc. They are also called antennal glands because these glands are located near the base of larger antennae. Each gland has three parts end sac, labyrinth and bladder. The labyrinth is the proper excretory gland. Hence antennal gland functions as the excretory organ in prawn.

So, the correct answer is 'Prawn'.

Match the pair of items with the category of organs

  1. Nephridia of earthrowm and malpighian tubules of cockroach - excretory organ

  2. Wings of honey bee and crow homologous organs

  3. Nictitating membrane and blind spot in human eye-vestigial ogans

  4. Thorns of bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbita - analogous organs.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Earthworms (annelids) have slightly more evolved excretory structures called nephridia. A pair of nephridia is present on each segment of the earthworm. Excretion occurs through a pore called the nephridioporeMalpighian tubules are found lining the gut of some species of arthropods, such as the bee. They are usually found in pairs and the number of tubules varies with the species of insect.


So, the correct option is 'Option A'.

Which is not an excretory organ of vertebrates?

  1. Liver

  2. Lungs

  3. Hepatopancreas

  4. Skin


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Hepatopancreas is not an excretory organ of vertebrates. It is a glandular excretory organ present in many invertebrates like arthropods and molluscs. It shows functions similar to liver and pancreas of vertebrates.

So, the correct answer is 'Hepatopancreas'.

In which one of the following organisms, its excretory organs are correctly stated

  1. Cockroach - Malpighian tubules and enteric caeca

  2. Earthworm - Pharyngeal, integumentary and septal nephridia

  3. Frog - Kidneys, skin and buccal epithelium

  4. Humans - Kidneys, sebaceous glands and tear glands


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
The excretory system of earthworm consists of nephridia as the excretory organ which is analogous to the kidney of vertebrates. Nephridia are porous, long, thin coiled tube which is found in all segments except first three. Based on their position in the body, they are three types pharyngeal, integumentary and septal nephridia.
So, the correct answer is 'Option B'.

Select the correct match of animal, excretory organs and product.

  1. Salamander- Kidney- urea

  2. Peacock- Kidney- urea

  3. Housefly- Renal tubules- uric acid

  4. Labeo- Nephridial tubes- Ammonia


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Salamander belongs to the phylum Chordata and class amphibia. Just like humans, the salamander has two kidneys which excrete urea as the nitrogenous waste product. Two kidneys are extremely important in excreting nitrogenous waste, and the urinary bladder stores waste in the form of urea before it is released into the environment.

So, the correct answer is 'Salamander-Kidney-Urea'.

When a fresh water protozoan is placed in marine water

  1. The contractile vacuole disappears

  2. Contractile vacuole increases in size

  3. A number of contractile vacuoles appear

  4. The contractile vacuole remains unchanged.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The function of a contractile vacuole in protozoan is to expel out excess water. When a freshwater protozoan is placed in marine water the contractile vacuole disappears because the function of contractile vacuole is to expel out excess water but in case of marine water, The water should be retained instead of expelled.
So, the correct answer is 'The contractile vacuole disappears'.

Excretion in Hydra occurs through

  1. Flame cells

  2. Nephridia

  3. Cnidoblasts

  4. General body surface


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Hydra is sessile and cylindrical in shape belonging to the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. It has no specialized excretory organs hence excretion in hydra occurs by diffusion through the general body surface.

So, the correct answer is 'General body surface'.

Find the wrongly matched pair of animal and its excretory structure.

  1. Balanoglossus- Proboscis gland

  2. Earthworm- Nephridia

  3. Grasshopper- Malpighian tubules

  4. Prawn- Flame cells

  5. Amphioxus- Protonephridia


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Green glands are excretory organs of crustaceans. For example, prawn. They are also called antennal glands because these glands are located near the base of larger antennae. Each gland has three parts end sac, labyrinth and bladder. The labyrinth is the proper excretory gland. Hence green glands help in excretion.

So, the correct answer is 'Prawn- Flame cells'.

Green glands are excretory organs of

  1. Crustaceans

  2. Centipedes

  3. Annelids

  4. Molluscs


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Green glands are excretory organs of crustaceans. They are also called antennal glands because these glands are located near the base of larger antennae. Each gland has three parts end sac, labyrinth and bladder. The labyrinth is the proper excretory gland.

So, the correct answer is 'Crustaceans'.

Excretory structures of rotifers are

  1. Green glands

  2. Malpighian tubules

  3. Flame cells

  4. Gills

  5. Kidneys


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals belonging to phylum rotifera. They eat dead bacteria, algae and protozoans. The excretory structures of rotifers are Flame cells. The flame cells function like a kidney, removing nitrogenous waste.

So, the correct answer is 'Flame cells'.

Archinephros occurs in

  1. Adult hagfish

  2. Larva of hagfish

  3. Molluscs

  4. Anamniotes


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Hagfish belongs to the class Myxini. Archinephros or ancestral vertebrate kidney are retained by larvae of hagfish and of some caecilians. Archinephros extend from anterior to the posterior end of the body, with segmentally arranged glomeruli and nephrostomes. Glomeruli received blood from the dorsal aorta and filtered nitrogenous wastes into the coelom, from where they were collected by the nephrostomes and transported to outside via collecting ducts and archinephric ducts.
So, the correct answer is 'Larva of hagfish'.

In birds, excretion of nitrogenous wastes, mainly as uric acid, is helpful for

  1. eliminating excess body water

  2. conserving body water

  3. eliminating excess body heat

  4. eliminating excess sugar


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Birds excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water. Therefore they are called uricotelic animals. 

So the correct option is conserving body water. 

Choose the correct answers from the following given.
Ammonia is excreted by most

  1. bony fishes

  2. adult amphibians

  3. land snails

  4. insects


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

(A) The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism. Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic. 

(B) Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic animals.
(C) land snails excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a pellet.
(D) insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals.
So the correct answer is bony fishes.

Choose the wrong statement.

  1. In ureotelic organisms, ammonia is not a product metabolism

  2. In mammals some amount of urea may be retained in the kidney matrix of ureotelics of maintain osmolarity

  3. In fishes, kidneys do not play any significant role in the removal of ammonium ions

  4. Urea and uric acid less toxic than ammonia


Correct Option: A

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

  1. In cockroaches and prawns excretion of waste material occurs through Malpighian tubules

  2. In ctenophores, locomotion is mediated by comb plates

  3. In Fasciola flame cells take part in excretion

  4. Earthworm are hermaphrodites and yet cross fertilization take place among them


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Malpighian tubules are excretory structures in most insects, including cockroaches, but in crustaceans such as prawns, green glands conduct excretory functions, whereas all other statements are true.

Which cutaneous gland of pigeon produces 'pigeon milk'?

  1. Uropygeal

  2. Preen

  3. It is not produced by cutaneous but the crop gland

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Crop milk is a secretion from the lining of the crop of parent birds that is regurgitated to young birds. They are found among all pigeons and doves, where they are referred to as pigeon milk. Crop milk is also produced by flamingos and some penguins.

The deep sea organisms having luminous or phosphorescent organ in their integument are

  1. Amphibians

  2. Fish

  3. Mammals

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent bacteria and terrestrial invertebrates such as fireflies. 

Dermal scales are present in

  1. Anura

  2. Urodela

  3. Labyrinthodontia

  4. Gymnophiona


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Gymnophiona, also called apoda, is one of the three major extant orders of the class amphibia. Its members are known as caecilians. Their skin is smooth but some species have colourful skins. Inside the skin are calcite scales. Because of these scales, the caecilians were once thought to be related to the fossil Stegocephalia.

Renal gland is the excretory organ of

  1. Annelida

  2. Echinodermata

  3. Crustaceans

  4. Mollusca


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The renal gland is a relatively wide tube opening from a sac (the pericardium) surrounding the heart, at one end, and to the mantle cavity (effectively to the exterior) at the other. The anatomical form of the renal gland varies from one class of molluscs to another.

Marcello Malpighi in 1966 first described

  1. Nephron

  2. Glomerulus

  3. Bowman's capsule

  4. Pygmalion corpuscles


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus together constitute the malpighian corpuscle (pygmalion corpuscle or renal corpuscle). The malphigian corpuscles were first described by Morcello Malpighi in the year 1966.

Urinary bladder is not found in 

  1. Snakes

  2. Crocodiles

  3. Birds

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Birds and reptiles urinate in a way to conserve their water. Unlike mammals, which excrete waste fluid as urine and solid waste as faeces, birds and reptiles mix both liquid waste and solid waste into the semi-solid paste (nitrogen containing waste) formed from the breakdown of proteins. Hence snakes, crocodiles, birds and most lizards lack a urinary bladder.

In Bright's disease

  1. Amount of urea in blood increases

  2. Blood is passed with urine

  3. Kidney stones are formed

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Bright's disease is a classification for nephritis, a kidney condition. Nephritis is caused by inflammation of part of the kidneys, usually either the glomeruli or the spaces in between the renal tubules. Symptoms most commonly associated with Bright's disease are intense pain on either or both sides of the lower back along with a fever and nausea. Cloudy, dark, or bloody urine containing blood plasma proteins is also a hallmark sign of kidney problems. 

In which one of the following organisms excretory organs are correctly stated?

  1. Humans- Kidneys, sebaceous glands and tear glands

  2. Earthworm- Pharyngeal, integumentary and septal nephridia

  3. Cockroach- Malpighian tubules and enter caeca

  4. Frog- Kidneys, skin and buccal epithelium


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The excretory system of earthworm contains a pair of nephridia in every segment, except for the first three and the last ones. The three types of nephridia are: integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal. The integumentary nephridia lie attached to the inner side of the body wall in all segments except the first two. The septal nephridia are attached to both sides of the septa behind the 15th segment. The pharyngeal nephridia are attached to fourth, fifth and sixth segments.

In which of these animals, antennal gland functions as excretory organs?

  1. Human being

  2. Cockroach

  3. Planaria

  4. Prawn

  5. Earthworm


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In many higher crustaceans the excretory glands are located in the head. They are called antennal glands or maxillary glands, depending on whether they open at the base of the antennae or at the maxillae.

Chloragogen cells of earthworm are similar to ----- of vertebrate's.

  1. Liver

  2. Lung

  3. Kidney

  4. Spleen


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Chloragogen cells in annelids function similarly to the liver in vertebrates. The cells store glycogen and neutralize toxins, are yellowish in colour due to the presence of yellow granules, called as chloragosomes and are present in coelomic fluid of some annelids.

Which one of the following is the simplest excretory organ?

  1. Alveolus

  2. Flame cell

  3. Nephridium

  4. Kidney


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell, found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms, rotifers and nemerteans. These are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials.

Incomplete loop of Henle is found in 

  1. Frog

  2. Human

  3. Bird

  4. Mammal


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The loop of Henle is incompletely developed or absent in many nephrons of the bird kidney. Hence, the concentrating capacity of the bird kidney is considerably less than that of the mammal. 

Dense pelage is characteristic of animal inhabiting (heavy hairy body)

  1. Cold Climate

  2. Warm climate

  3. Tropical climate

  4. Aquatic


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The term pelage is used to refer to the body hair of an animal as a complete coat. Its principal function is thermoregulation, it maintains a layer of dry air next to the skin and repels water, thus providing thermal insulation.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Which among the following is the correct order of excretory organs in cockroach, earthworm and rabbit respectively?

  1. Skin, Malpighian tubules and kidney

  2. Malpighian tubules, nephridia and kidney

  3. Nephridia, Malpighian tubule and kidney

  4. Nephridia, kidney and green gland


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The excretory organ of cockroach is the Malpighian tubules. It is found at the junction of the midgut and hindgut and are about 150 in number. 

Earthworm has a pair of excretory organs, called as the nephridia. Each nephridia is made up of a coiled tube that opens into the body cavity. 
The excretory system of rabbit consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, an urinary bladder, an urino-genital canal and the urino-genital aperture.

Kidney crystals are solid clusters of

  1. Calcium nitrate and uric acid

  2. Calcium phosphate and uric acid

  3. Calcium carbonate and uric acid

  4. Calcium metabisulfite and uric acid


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

A kidney stone is a solid cluster made up of tiny crystals. 

Types of kidney stones are as follows:
i) Calcium oxalate stones are approximately 85 percent of kidney stones are composed of calcium, usually forming from excess calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria). The most common type of calcium stone is chemically bound with oxalate. Calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common. 
ii) Calcium phosphate stones are linked with a specific metabolic or hormonal disorder, such as hyperparathyroidism or renal tubular acidosis. 
iii) Uric acid stones is a by product of protein metabolism. Uric acid stones are linked to eating a high-protein diet. They can occur as a result of gout, genetic factors and disorders related to chemotherapy treatment. 
iv) Cystine stones can form in people who have cystinuria, a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete large amounts of certain amino acids. 
v) Struvite stones are related to a urinary tract infection caused by a specific form of bacteria. They can grow very large and can block the kidneys, ureters or bladder outlet.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Kidney of frog is 

  1. Pronephric

  2. Mesonephric

  3. Metanephric

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Mesonephric kidney- Develop from middle part (mesonephros) of nephrotome plate and remaining part of nephrotome is destroyed. Only Bowman's capsule is found in nephrons, while remaining part is simple tubular, e.g., most of the fishes and adult amphibians.

Well developed digestive system is present in

  1. Cnidarians, prawns and earthworms

  2. Grasshoppers, frogs and houseflies

  3. Amoeba, Hydra and dog

  4. Sponges, flatworms and earthworms


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Porifera (sponges), Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Cnidaria (Hydra) do not have a well-developed digestive system. They have 'blind-sac' body plan, with an opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus, and a gastrovascular cavity where digestion takes place.

Earthworms and Arthropods (Grasshoppers, houseflies) have a well-developed digestive system, having a compartmentalized alimentary canal and two-openings, anterior as mouth and posterior as the anus. 
The vertebrates (frogs) also have a well developed digestive system.
Hence, the correct answer is 'Grasshoppers, frogs and houseflies'

When compared to the mammals, birds are less sensitive to temporary deprivation of water, because

  1. Urea excretion in mammals entails a greater loss of water than that in birds

  2. Absorption of Water horn the gut is more efficient in birds that in mammals

  3. The water requirement per unit weight is less in birds than in mammal

  4. None of these.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Birds and reptiles have uric acid as their nitrogenous waste. 

The uricotelic organism excretes uric acid in form of a white paste or powder.
this uric acid is advantaged over the urea which is excreted in mammals in certain ways because it is less toxic and reduces water loss and thus it also reduces the need for water for excretion.

So, the correct option is 'Urea excretion in mammals entails a greater lass of water than that M birds'

Find the incorrect pairing. 

  1. Nephridia and Leech

  2. Organ of Bojanus and Snail

  3. Malpighian tubules and Cockroach

  4. Kidney and Rat


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Nephridia are the invertebrate excretory organ that performs a function similar to the vertebrate kidney. These are small coiled tubes. Leech contains 17 pairs of nephridia arranged segmentally. 

The excretory organ of snail is nephridia. 
Malpighian tubules are types of excretory organs found in Cockroach. These excrete nitrogenous and other wastes. 
The excretory system of rats is kidneys. 
Thus, the correct answer is 'Organs of Bojanus and Snail.'

Select the option that correctly matches a characteristics feature with the group of three animals.

  1. Excretion through Malpighian tubules - Limulus, Loligo, Locusta

  2. Parapodia help in swimmming - Neries, Pheretima, Hirudinaria

  3. Rasping organ called radula - Pila, Octopus, Sepia

  4. Comb plates for locomotion - Pleurobrachia, Pennatula, Ctenoplana


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
The phylum Mollusca animals have a file-like rasping organ called radula that helps in feeding.
(A) Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs present in terrestrial arthropods and are responsible for maintaining the ionic and osmotic balance. These tubules remove the waste from the hemolymph and the final excretion occurs in the rectum. Loligo is a mollusc.
(B) Parapodia help in swimming in aquatic annelids. Pheretima is not aquatic.
(C) In phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda has a file-like structure called radula which helps in feeding. Pila, Octopus, Sepia have the radula.
(D) Phylum Ctenophora animals have eight rows of ciliated comb-plates that help in locomotion. Pennatula is a Cnidarian. 
Hence, the correct answer is 'Rasping organ called radula- Pila, Octopus, Sepia'.

Which one of the following is correctly matched?

  1. Wings of honey bee and crow - Homologous

  2. Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita - Analogous

  3. Nephridia of earthworm and malphighian tubules of cockroach - Excretory

  4. Nictitating membrane and blindspot in human eye - Vestigial


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Homologous organs are the organ which has the same origin but performs different functions. Wings of honey bee and crow are the analogous as they perform the same function. Where thorn of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are the homologous organs. Nictitating membrane is the vestigial organ of the human eye but not the blind spot. Whereas nephridia is the excretory organ of earthworm and malpighian tubule of the cockroach. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

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