Mob is a large crowd or mass of people gathered to cause disorder and violence  and resort to all unlawful means to threat peace in order to fulfill their demand or to accomplish their motive. Communal violence, Racial Violence and caste violence  instigate hatred and disturbance at widespread level. People participate in mass to show their vigour and power and to commit atrocities against another caste, group, religion to prove their superiority. These are example of mob violence wherein massive amount of people indulge in riots or violent acts and disturb public peace and security.

Communal violence, Racial Violence and caste violence  instigate hatred and disturbance at widespread level. People participate in mass to show their vigour and power and to commit atrocities against another caste, group, religion to prove their superiority. These are example of mob violence wherein massive amount of people indulge in riots or violent acts and disturb public peace and security.

Social movements are instrument of Social Change. Social movement is collective action of people either to promote or resist a change in society or group of which it is a part. Social movement is not sudden outbreak but an organised collective action followed by ideology behind the action. 

Alcohol prohibition has been the part of freedom movement. When India Gained independence in 1947 it was included in the Constitution of India as the objective. The Chikpko movement success in state of Uttarakhand motivated villagers in kannada district and they launched the similar movement to save the forests. Appiko movement as it was called in which people hugged trees to protect them from being cut for the purpose of Industrialisation and setting up of factories. Alcohol prohibition was also the agenda of Chipko movement. Coastal Karnataka movement to save and protect over exploitation of coastal region and desertion of land includes opposition of Mangalore refinery and petrochemicals limited.

Farmers movement means movement by peasants which is characterised by agrarian unrest. It is triggered by agricultural reforms and change in policies. Farmer's movement began denying land tax. Later it was extended against caste discrimination, tenancy system and bonded labour.

Women's movement demands equality of rights and position. Since most of the societies are patriarchal and have always been patrilineal where women were deprived of authorities, rights and to take decision for themselves. Such movements aim to root out patriarchal values that discriminate between male and female having been on equal footings. It is due to global women rights movement that women are now given due representation in politics, they have property rights, ancestral rights and several other social and civil rights that from which they were earlier kept deprived.

Alcohol prohibition movement are predominantly women led as it is believed by female community that the prohibition of alcohol would solve many social evils which affects family. Man under influence of intoxication and due to addiction commits cruelty on wife and children, stay away from earning opportunities and develop habits which are antisocial and unlawful.

Honour killings are acts of violence like murder committed by male members of a family upon female members who have allegedly brought dishonour on the family. The dishonour could be brought by refusing to arrange marriage, demanding a divorce, committing adultery etc. It is an ancient disgraceful act where a male member of the family had the right to kill an unmarried but sexually active female member. He is considered honoured in doing so.

On August 6, 1945, during World War II, an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people and tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of a new and most cruel bomb.

The ultimate goal of the NPT is nuclear disarmament thus preventing wider diffusion of nuclear weapons. The NPT, a multilateral treaty, aims at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons including three elements: (1) non-proliferation (2) disarmament  (3) peaceful use of nuclear energy.

The nature of pressure group and parties are as follows:-

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power whereas a pressure group is a group that tries to influence public policy in the interest of a particular case. A pressure group is an informal and unrecognized entity. Pressure group does not contest elections. They do not seek to get into power, while political parties do. The pressure group is not accountable to people.

On August 6, 1945, during World War II, an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people and tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of a new and most cruel bomb.

• Bessie Coleman was the first qualified black female pilot.
• Between 1922 to 1925 she flew in shows all shows all over America and raised enough money to set up her own flying school.

Usually, interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society. Trade unions, business associations and professional (lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.) bodies are some examples of this type. They are sectional because they represent a section of society: workers, employees, business persons, industrialists, followers of a religion, caste group, etc. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not society in general. 

A pressure group is a group of people having a common interest. They put pressure on the government to fulfill their interest and try to influence the policies of the government for that sake. These groups do not contest in the election. Pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.

Business groups are involved in the activities such as employing people in lobbying for projects, sponsoring advertisements in the newspaper and signing a memorandum of understanding among different stakeholders as mentioned in options A, C, and D. However, option B stating disruption of the public transport system is a non-business, destructive activity with no connection to business groups. 

Buddhism is a major religion in Sri Lanka. As per 2011 Census about 70.2% of people in there follow Buddhism.

During the last phase of the USSR, a major accident took place in its nuclear plant in Chernobyl. This caused the death of a large number of workers in Chernobyl. But more important, it contaminated the atmosphere of a very large region including many other countries of Europe. Its effects created a new awareness among the people of the world about the danger of nuclear power whether for peaceful or warlike purposes.

Conflicts of national interest caused the World War II alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union to be replaced by a Cold War that lasted 45 years. Initially a dispute over the future of Europe, it grew to include confrontations around the world. A clash of very different beliefs and ideology capitalism versus communism each held with almost religious conviction formed the basis of an international power struggle with both sides vying for dominance, exploiting every opportunity for expansion anywhere in the world.

The nuclear arms race intensified after the end of Vietnam War as more and more countries competed with each other to stockpile nuclear arms. Companies which produced these arms (called the military-industrial complex) and the governments tried to create a war panic among the common people so that they support greater expenditure of tax payers money on nuclear arms. The USA and the USSR were the front runners in the nuclear arms race.

In the decades after it was established, the Russian-dominated Soviet Union grew into one of the worlds most powerful and influential states and eventually encompassed 15 republics viz Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. In 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved following the collapse of its communist government. With this ended the long period of Cold War and the constant threat of a catastrophic World War.

Vietnam was a largely forested and poor nation in comparison with their opponents USA and France. The Vietnamese used guerrilla warfare techniques to fight the war. The USA invented and used newer arsenal like chemical weapons including napalm bombs destroying entire villages.

Social movements are instrument of Social Change. Social movement is collective action of people either to promote or resist a change in society or group of which it is a part. Social movement is not sudden outbreak but an organised collective action followed by ideology behind the action. 

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped its first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. The bomb was known as Little Boy. Three days after the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9 a 21-kiloton plutonium device known as Fat Man.

The United States battled North Vietnam and its adherents in the longest conflict in American history, known as the Vietnam War. The war ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973 and the unification of Vietnam under Communist control two years later in 1975. More than 3 million people, including 58,000 Americans, were killed in the conflict.

After the failure of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), a treaty was signed in 1991 which was called the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence.

The U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, known as START, was signed on July 31, 1991 by U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence.