Mechanism of respiration - class-XII
Description: mechanism of respiration | |
Number of Questions: 70 | |
Created by: Shiva Nambiar | |
Tags: breathing and respiration respiratory system of human biology breathing for energy zoology human physiology the respiratory system breathing and exchange of gases respiration |
According to Boyle's law, the product of:.pressure and volume is a constant. Hence,
-
if volume of lungs is increased, then pressure decreases proportionately
-
if volume of lungs is increased, then pressure also increases proportionately
-
if volume of lungs is increased, then pressure decreases disproportionately
-
if volume of lungs is increased, then pressure remains the same.
Which of the following is true regarding expiration?
-
Exhaled air contains more moisture
-
Lungs are not completely emptied even after forciful exhalation
-
Exchange of gases takes place during expiration
-
All of the above
- Expiration is a mechanism in which air which contains carbon dioxide release out from the lungs of the body.
- This air is dry and contains more moisture from the lungs.
- Lungs can never be empty even after force full expiration some amount of air remains in it known as residual volume.
- The exchange of gases occurs only at cellular and alveolar site, not in expiration.
During inspiration, the diaphragm
-
Expands
-
Shows no change
-
Contracts and flattens
-
Relaxed to become dome shaped
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens to increase the volume of the the thoracic cavity. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, which is a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure and creates the pressure gradient. Due to the gradient the air is from the atmosphere is forced inside the lungs through nasal cavity.
Which of the following does not happen during exhalation?
-
The space in chest cavity decreases
-
Diaphragm goes up
-
Air is released
-
Ribs are pushed upward and outward
- During exhalation diaphragm relaxes.
- The intercoastal muscles also relax.
- This makes ribs to move down and in.
- It reduces the volume of the chest cavity and the air is pushed out
In males, ______ play a role in the movement of respiratory system.
-
Vertebrae
-
Sternum
-
Diaphragm
-
Liver
The diaphragm is the muscular organ situated between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. It contracts and moves downwards due to which the volume in the lungs increases and the air is inhaled. When it relaxes, the volume of the lungs decreases and the air is expelled out.
The exchange of gases between which of the following is called external respiration?
-
Lung alveoli and blood capillaries
-
Lung alveoli and bronchi
-
The buccal cavity and the external atmosphere
-
Lung alveoli and pulmonary artery
When the gaseous exchange occurs due to a difference in the partial pressure of gases between alveoli of lungs and capillaries it is termed as an external exchange as it involves air that ix either inhaled or exhaled from the environment outside the body while when the exchange occurs between capillaries and tissue it is known as the internal exchange.
Which of the following is the correct path of oxygen in humans during inhalation?
-
Nostrils $\rightarrow$ Nasal Cavity $\rightarrow$ Pharynx $\rightarrow$ Trachea $\rightarrow$ Bronchi $\rightarrow$ Bronchiole $\rightarrow$ Alveoli
-
Nostrils $\rightarrow$ Nasal Cavity $\rightarrow$ Trachea $\rightarrow$ Pharynx $\rightarrow$ Bronchi $\rightarrow$ Bronchiole $\rightarrow$ Alveoli
-
Nostrils $\rightarrow$ Nasal Cavity $\rightarrow$ Pharynx $\rightarrow$ Trachea $\rightarrow$ Alveoli $\rightarrow$ Bronchi $\rightarrow$ Bronchiole
-
Nostrils $\rightarrow$ Nasal Cavity $\rightarrow$ Pharynx $\rightarrow$ Bronchi $\rightarrow$ Trachea $\rightarrow$ Bronchioles $\rightarrow$ Alveoli
Which of the following is true for $CO _2$ concentration?
-
More in alveolar air than in expired
-
More in expired air than in alveolar air
-
More in inspired air than in alveolar air
-
More in inspired air than in expired air
In the alveoli, the oxygen is continuously absorbed by the blood and CO$ _{2}$ is continuously added by the blood. So, the alveolar air has more CO$ _{2}$ concentration than the expired air.
The gas which we breath out precipitates ______ into milky white.
-
Sodium Chloride solution
-
Calcium Carbonate solution
-
Potassium Permanganate solution
-
Potassium Bicarbonate solution
The gas which we exhale or breath out is carbon-dioxide.
Inspiration occurs when
-
Pressure inside lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure
-
Pressure inside lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure
-
Pressure inside lungs is same as atmospheric pressure
-
Pressure has no effect
Air can be forced to move from one place to another by creating a pressure gradient. In the human body, the contraction of the diaphragm allows it to move down to abdomen cavity slightly. This increases the area in the thoracic cavity and the lungs expand. The intercostal muscles between the ribs also contract and allow the rib bones o come upwards and outward. Due to this, volume in the lungs increases and the pressure decreases. The pressure in the lungs is less than that of atmospheric pressure, so the air is drawn in and inspiration occurs.
Lungs become empty after forceful expiration.
-
True
-
False
Lungs are never empty even after forceful expiration. There is always a certain amount of air present in the lungs which is known as residual volume which amounts to 1500 ml.
Maximum contraction of diaphragm causes maximum expiration.
-
True
-
False
When the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract they increase the size of the thoracic cavity, causing negative pressure in the lungs, causing inspiration.
So, the correct answer is option B.
The width of the chest during inspiration :
-
Decreases
-
Does not change
-
Increases
-
None of these
- When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contract and move downward. This increases the space in the chest cavity into which lungs expand.
- The intercostal muscles between ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity.
Which respiratory associated muscles would be contracted if you blow up a balloon?
-
Diaphragm contracts and internal intercostal muscles would relax
-
External intercostal muscle contract and phrenic muscles would contract
-
Internal intercostal and abdominal muscle would contract
-
Internal intercostal muscles are external intercostal muscles would contract
Intercostal and abdominal muscle would contract if we blow up a balloon. When this occurs, you are interrupting the natural rhythm of breathing. The inhalation process is blowing up a balloon. As you this movement is facilitated by the contraction of the external intercostal muscles.
Volume of thoracic chamber increases in the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis in the human by?
-
Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
-
Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
-
Relaxation of diaphragm and abdominal muscles
-
None of these
Volume of thoracic chamber increases in anteroposterior and dorso-ventral axis in human by contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
During expiration the diaphragm becomes
-
Oblique
-
Dome-shaped
-
Flattened
-
Normal
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward and when the diaphragm relaxes it becomes dome shaped and moves upward during expiration.
Conditioning of inspiratory air in mammals occurs in
-
Trachea
-
Larynx
-
Bronchioles
-
Nasal chambers
Nasal cavity opens to outside through external nares or nostrils. Nasal cavity occurs between palate and cranium. Nasal cavity is divisible into two nasal chambers by a nasal septum. Each nasal chamber has three parts - (a) Vestibule- It has hairs to filter out the dust particles, (b) Conditioner - respiratory region. It has bony projections and sinuses. It is abundant in blood capillaries, (c) Olfactory region- perceives sense of smell. The two nasal cavities condition the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract.
Expiratory muscles contract at the time of
-
Deep inspiration
-
Normal inspiration and expiration
-
Forceful expiration
-
Normal expiration
During quiet breathing, there is little or no muscle contraction/relaxation involved in expiration. This process is simply driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs in healthy individuals. In certain conditions the elasticity of the lung can be lost, such as in emphysema. Forced or active expiration occurs in such individuals as well as occurring during exercise. The abdominal muscles and the internal and innermost intercostal muscles help expel air.
Any material entering the trachea causes
-
Vomiting
-
Coughing
-
Sneezing
-
Regurgitation
Coughing is an airway reflex mediated by airway receptors, that react to either pressure or chemical stimuli. The function of coughing is to assist the removal of material from the airways. This material may have been inhaled or produced in the airways. Coughing also prevents additional inhalation of material, or movement of inhaled material into the peripheral airways. Once material comes in contact with ciliated epithelium, it is transported by ciliary beating towards the trachea, where there is the highest density of cough receptors. Coughing then propels the material into the oropharynx, where it is swallowed. Coughing is an extremely important protective mechanism for the respiratory system.
The tissue respiration refers to
-
Inspiration
-
External respiration
-
Internal respiration
-
Expiration
Respiration is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the blood. Respiration is also referred to as gas exchange, and it occurs in two areas of the body. External respiration refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the lungs. Internal respiration refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the metabolizing tissues, like your skeletal muscles. Expiration and inspiration are not the related terms of respiration. Thus, option C is correct.
A child breathes nearly
-
13 times a minute
-
26 times a minute
-
52 times a minute
-
72 times a minute
Which is correct?
-
Respiratory centres are not affected by $CO _2$.
-
In humans vital capacity is just double the expiratory volume.
-
A human lung has $10^3$ alveoli.
-
During inspiration the lungs act as suction pump.
Inhalation involves a contraction of the muscles, an increase in the size or volume of thoracic cavity, an expansion of the lungs with a drop of pressure inside them and entrance of atmospheric air into lungs through the air passages. Thus during inspiration the lungs act as suction pump. Inhalation is followed by exhalation, which is effected by the contraction of the lungs.
During inspiration, as a result of contraction of muscles attached to it, the diaphragm
-
Becomes dome-shaped
-
Flattens
-
Rotates
-
Flattens and rotates
The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continuously, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome like shape, and air is forced out of the lungs. Thus, option B is correct.
Tissue respiration is a type of
-
External respiration
-
Internal respiration
-
Encretion
-
Expiration
External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air. Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells. Inspiration and expirations are breath in and breath out processes.
In man, expired air contains oxygen about
-
4%
-
10%
-
16%
-
20%
Inhaled air contains more oxygen used to create energy and less CO$ _2$. It contains 21% O$ _2$, 0.04% CO$ _2$ and 79% Nitrogen. Exhaled air contains 16% O$ _2$, 4% CO$ _2$ and 79% Nitrogen. Thus, option C is correct.
Percentage of $O _2$ present in inhaled air in man is about
-
21%
-
78%
-
1%
-
43%
Inhaled air contains more oxygen used to create energy and less CO$ _2$. It contains 21% O$ _2$, 0.04% CO$ _2$ and 79% Nitrogen. Thus, option A is correct.
When diaphragm of man is completely dome shaped it shows
-
End of expiration and beginning of inspiration
-
Beginning of expiration and end of inspiration
-
Increased rate of breathing
-
Decreased rate of breathing
The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continuously, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome like shape, and air is forced out of the lungs. Diaphragm contracts, moves down and flattens during inhalation and diaphragm relaxes and curves upwards during exhalation. So, when diaphragm of man is completely dome shaped, it shows that beginning of expiration and end of inspiration. Thus, option B is correct.
Inspiration takes place during
-
Inhalation
-
Exhalation
-
Both A and B
-
None of the above
Inhalation (also known as inspiration) is the flow of air into an organism. It is a vital process for all human life. In humans it is the movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, and into the alveoli. Inhalation begins with the contraction of the muscles attached to the rib cage. This causes an expansion in the chest cavity. Then takes place the onset of contraction of the diaphragm, which results in expansion of the intrapleural space and an increase in negative pressure according to Boyle's Law. This negative pressure generates airflow because of the pressure difference between the atmosphere and alveolus. Air enters, inflating the lung through either the nose or the mouth into the pharynx (throat) and trachea before entering the alveoli.
In external respiration,
-
Food is broken down and oxygen is absorbed.
-
Food is broken down and carbon dioxide is produced.
-
Oxygen is ejected and carbon dioxide is adsorbed.
-
None of the above.
External respiration also known as breathing refers to a process of inhaling oxygen from the air into the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs to the air. Exchange of gases both in and out of the blood occurs simultaneously. External respiration is a physical process during which oxygen is taken up by capillaries of lung alveoli and carbon dioxide is released from blood. Internal respiration or tissue respiration/cellular respiration refers to a metabolic process in which oxygen is released to tissues or living cells and carbon dioxide is absorbed by the blood. Once inside the cell the oxygen is used for producing energy in the form of ATP or adenosine triphosphate. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
Chloride shift is concerned with the transport of
-
$CO _2$ and $O _2$
-
$N _2$
-
$CO _2$
-
$O _2$
Chloride shift is a process which occurs in a cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO$ _{3-}$) and chloride (Cl-) across the membrane of the red blood cells (RBCs).
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
Percentage of O$ _2$ present in inhaled air in man is about
-
21%
-
78%
-
1%
-
43%
Inhaled air contains more oxygen used to create energy and less carbon dioxide. Exhaled air which contains more carbon dioxide produced as a waste product of energy production and less oxygen as it has been used in respiration. Inhaled air contains 21% oxygen, 0.04% CO$ _2$ and 79% N$ _2$. Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen, 4% CO$ _2$ and 79% N$ _2$.
During inspiration, the diaphragm
-
Becomes dome-shaped
-
Flattens
-
Remains unchanged
-
Rotates sidewise
The diaphragm is located below the lungs and is the major muscle of respiration. It is large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually. upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome-like shape, and is forced out of the lungs.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
In man, expired air contains oxygen about
-
4%
-
10%
-
16%
-
20%
Inhaled air contains more oxygen used to create energy and less carbon dioxide. Exhaled air which contains more carbon dioxide produced as a waste product of energy production and less oxygen as it has been used in respiration. Inhaled air contains 21% oxygen, 0.04% CO$ _2$ and 79% N$ _2$. Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen, 4% CO$ _2$ and 79% N$ _2$.
The volume of thoracic cavity increases during
-
Never
-
Expiration
-
Both A and B
-
Inspiration
Increase in volume of thoracic cavity is seen in case of inspiration. Inspiration results in flattened diaphragm. The volume of thoracic cavity decreases during expiration and the diaphragm relaxes and comes to its original dome shape.
Fill in the blanks:
Component Inspired air Expired air
Oxygen a 16.4%
Nitrogen 79% b
-
a = 5.6%, b = 21.6%
-
a = 20.96%, b = 79.6%
-
a = 28.8, b = 98%
-
a = 1%, b = 2%
Component Inspired air Expired air
During forced expiration, actively contracting muscles include the
-
Diaphragm
-
External intercostals
-
Abdominal muscles
-
Diaphragm and intestinal muscle
The most important muscles of forced expiration are those of the abdominals. When these muscles contract, intra-abdominal pressure is raised, and the diaphragm is pushed upward. These muscles also contract forcefully during coughing, vomiting, and defecation. The internal intercostal muscles assist active expiration by pulling the ribs downward and inward thus decreasing the thoracic volume.
The exchange of gases in the alveoli of the lungs takes place by
-
Osmosis
-
Simple diffusion
-
Passive transport
-
Active transport
Which of the following activity does not take place during pulmonary respiration?
-
Movement of buccal cavity
-
Contraction and relaxation of sternohyal and pterohyal muscles
-
Successive opening and closing of mouth and external nostrils
-
All of the above
-
No activity takes place
- Breathing or pulmonary ventilation leading to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmospheric air and the lungs
- Exchange of gases at the alveolar surface
- Transport and exchange of gases in the tissues
- Cellular respiration
The O$ _2$ in the exhaled air is
-
About 8%
-
About 10%
-
About 15%
-
About 20%
In respiration, the human body exhales about 15% of the oxygen that is not utilized by the body.
In human beings, rib case and sternum move upwardly and outwardly during.
-
Exercise
-
Sudden back injury
-
Expiration
-
Inspiration
Muscles attached to diaphragm contract during inspiration to make it.
-
Flat
-
Dome-shaped
-
Concave
-
Rotate
In expiration, diaphragm becomes.
-
Flattened
-
Relaxed
-
Straightened
-
Arched/Dome-shaped
At the time of inspiration, the diaphragm.
-
Expands
-
Contracts
-
Relaxes
-
Does not undergo any change
During inspiration.
-
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
-
Diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles relax
-
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
-
Diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles contract
Which is correct?
-
During inspiration, external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
-
Cyanosis means collapse of alveoli
-
Eupnoea is slow breathing
-
Coryza is caused by human corona virus
Read the following statements regarding mechanism of respiration and choose the correct option.
$1$. Inspiration occurs only when there is negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmosphere
$2$. Expiration takes place only when intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure
$3$. Pressure gradients are generated with the help of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
$4$. Inspiration is initiated by relaxation of diaphragm
$5$. Contraction of diaphragm reduces pulmonary volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure causing expiration.
-
$1, 2$ and $5$ correct
-
$2$ only correct
-
$2, 5$ correct
-
$1, 3$ correct
-
$1, 4$ correct
With conscious efforts one can.
-
Breathe out air totally without oxygen
-
Breathe in and out by moving diaphragm alone without moving ribs at all
-
Breathe out air through eustachian tube by closing both nose and mouth
-
Empty the lungs completely by breathing out all air out of them
Which of the following is the most appropriate in normal circumstances?
-
During inspiration the intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure
-
During expiration the intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure
-
During inspiration the intrapulmonary pressure is more than the atmospheric pressure
-
During expiration the intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
Diaphragm is straightened during.
-
Expiration
-
Inspiration
-
Interval between expiration and inspiration
-
Interval between inspiration and expiration
A person breathes in some volume of air by forced inspiration after having a forced expiration. This quantity of air taken in is _______________.
-
Total lung capacity
-
Tidal volume
-
Vital capacity
-
Inspiratory capacity
During inspiration, the pressure of air is maximum in ___________.
-
Trachea
-
Bronchus
-
Alveoli
-
Environment
In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from:
-
forcing air from the throat down into the lungs
-
contracting the diaphragm
-
relaxing the muscles of the rib cage
-
contracting the abdominal muscles
During the process of inhalation, the lung volume expands as a result of contraction of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles, thoracic cavity expands, due to this increase in volume, the pressure is decreased.
During expiration the diaphragm becomes
-
dome-shaped
-
oblique
-
concave
-
flattened.
When the internal intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm relax, the ribs move .downward and inward and diaphragm becomes convex {dome shaped), thus decreasing the volume of thoracic cavity and increasing the pressure inside as compared to the atmospheric pressure outside. This will cause the air to move out (expiration).
After forceful inspiration, the amount of air that can be breathed out by maximum forced expiration is equal to
-
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Tidal Volume (TV) + Residual Volume (RV)
-
IRV + RV + ERV
-
IRV + TV + ERV
-
TV + RV + ERV
Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration or the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration.This equals the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + tidal volume (TV). Its value is 3400 mL - 4800 mL..
Read the following four statements (i) - (iv) with certain mistakes in two of them.
(i) A water breather expends much more energy in ventilating its respiratory surface than an air-breathing one.
(ii) Lungs become empty after forceful expiration.
(iii) Exchange of gases in the lungs is interrupted during expiration.
(iv) Respiratory movements are controlled by $CO _{2}$ concentration of arterial blood.
Which of the above two statements have mistakes?
-
(i) and (iv)
-
(ii) and (iii)
-
(i)and(ii)
-
(iii) and (iv)
Corrected statements:
(ii) Lungs do not become empty after a forceful expiration.
(iii) The exchange of gases in the lungs is not interrupted during expiration.
So, the correct answer is '(ii) and (iii)'.
Mark the correct pair of muscles involved in the normal breathing in humans.
-
External and internal intercostal muscles
-
Diaphragm and abdominal muscles
-
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
-
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Which of the following statement is correct?
-
During inspiration external intercoastal muscles and diaphragm contract
-
Coryza is caused by human corona virus
-
Cyanosis means collapse of alveoli
-
Eupnea is slow breathing
During inspiration external intercoastal muscles and diaphragm contract because it allows air to be moved into the lungs and requires the contraction of various musceles; the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles contract.
Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of?
-
External intercostal muscles
-
Internal intercostal muscles
-
Diaphragm
-
Both a and b
Read the following sentences carefully and select the incorrect one.
-
During expiration, $pO _2$ of expired air is more than alveolar air but less than atmospheric air
-
During expiration, $pO _2$ of expired air is less than $pCO _2$ of alveolar air but more than $pCO _2$ of atmospheric air
-
Sum of partial pressure of all gases at sea level is $760 mm Hg$
-
The partial pressure of $O _2$ and $CO _2$$ in the systemic veins is same as that in pulomonary vein.
Sum of the partial pressure of all gases is 760 mm of Hg.
Oxygen in expired air
-
10%
-
16%
-
19%
-
4%
The amount gases in exhaled air are 4% to 5% by volume more carbon dioxide and 4% to 5% by volume less oxygen than was inhaled. This expired air typically composed of: 78.04% nitrogen; 13.6% - 16% oxygen; 4% - 5.3% carbon dioxide; 1% other gases.
Expiration involves
-
Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
-
Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
-
Contraction of diaphragm muscles
-
Contraction of intercostal muscles
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaled by elastic recoil of the lung and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity in conjunction with the abdominal muscles which act as an antagonist paired with the diaphragm's contraction. The internal intercostals assist in expiration by pulling the ribcage down.
Which one of the following statement is correct?
-
Chest expands because air enters into the lungs.
-
Air enters into the lungs because chest expands.
-
The muscles of the diaphragm contracts because air enters into the lungs.
-
All of the above statements are correct.
When we breathe in, or inhale, the diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downward. This increases the space in the chest cavity, into which the lungs expand. The intercostal muscles between the ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity. They contract to pull the rib cage both upward and outward when we inhale. As the lungs expand, air is sucked in through the nose or mouth. The air travels down the windpipe and into the lungs. After passing through the bronchial tubes, the air finally reaches and enters the alveoli (air sacs).
About 30% of CO$ _2$ is transported as
-
Carbamino compounds
-
Bicarbonates of Na and K
-
Carboxyhaemoglobin
-
Oxyhaemoglobin
Carbon dioxide can bind to plasma proteins or can enter red blood cells and bind to hemoglobin. This form transports about 10 percent of the carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, a molecule called carbaminohemoglobin is formed. Binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin is reversible. Therefore, when it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide can freely dissociate from the hemoglobin and be expelled from the body. About 30% of CO$ _2$ is transported as carbamino haemoglobin.
The tissue respiration refers to
-
Inspiration
-
External respiration
-
Internal respiration
-
Expiration
Internal respiration refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the metabolizing tissues. External respiration refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the lungs. Pulmonary ventilation is the process by which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the alveoli. Respiration is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the blood.
If the CO$ _2$ concentration in the blood increases, the breathing shall
-
Increase
-
Decrease
-
Affected
-
Stop
What most people don’t know is that it is, in fact, the level of CO$ _2$ rather than oxygen that usually drives breathing rate. Your body’s ability to detect specific concentrations of CO$ _2$ is extremely sensitive. If the level of CO$ _2$ in your blood increases by a mere 10%, your rate of breathing will double. The answer comes from the way CO$ _2$ is transported. Instead of being bound to hemoglobin, the CO$ _2$ mostly just dissolves in your blood. When the CO$ _2$ dissolves, it combines with the water in your blood to form carbonic acid. As this acid builds up, it dramatically decreases the pH of your blood, throwing it out of balance. Your brainstem detects this pH change, and speeds up your breathing rate in order to to get rid of the extra CO$ _2$.
Which of the following sequences is correct to initiate inspiration?
(i) The contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs and sternum
(ii) Volume of thorax increases in the dorso-ventral axis
(iii) Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
(iv) Diaphragm contraction
(v) Air rushes into lungs
(vi) Volume of thorax increases in the anterior-posterior axis
-
(i),(ii),(iv),(v),(iii),(vi)
-
(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi), (v)
-
(i),(ii),(iv),(vi),(iii),(v)
-
(vi), (v), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
The correct sequence of events in the initiation of respiration is:
(i) The contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs and sternum
(ii) The volume of thorax increases in the dorsoventral axis
(iv) Diaphragm contraction
(vi) The volume of thorax increases in the anterior-posterior axis
(iii) Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
The ventilation movements of the lungs in mammals are governed by
-
muscular walls of lung
-
diaphragm
-
costal muscles
-
both (b) and (c).
Expiration is normally brought about by the relaxation of diaphragm
-
True
-
False
The relaxation of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm leads to return of diaphragm, ribs, and sternum to resting position thus restoring thoracic cavity to pre-inspiratory volume. The pressure in the lungs increases and the air is exhaled.
So, the correct answer is option A.
The process of taking air in is called as
-
Excretion
-
Expiration
-
Inspiration
-
None of the above
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward while the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs.
Expiration is the process of
-
Taking air in
-
Inhalation
-
Releasing CO$ _2$
-
Giving air out
During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.