A cultivator with a land holding of 1 hectare or less than 2.5 acres is known as medium farmer. According to the government law, these farmers are not poor.

The majority of elderly people in India face financial hardship because of one or both of the following reasons. Either most of them are no longer earning any income or their savings are inadequate to cover the cost of living, particularly medical care.

Option (a) states that 'democracy has ceased to be a liberating force'. Thus , option (a) fails to convey the meaning implied in the argument and is incorrect.

In India, the norm for calorie intake is 2,400 calories in rural areas and 2,200 in urban areas.

This is because the rural people are engaged in the more physical labour than the people in the urban areas.

Lack of shelter or homelessness is a complex social problem in India with a variety of underlying economic and social factors such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, uncertain physical and mental health, addictions, and community and family breakdown.

Poverty is one of the main causes which prohibit the people of society to live a dignified life and hence it deprives the access of the basic needs like education, health, food, clothing, housing etc. to the person.

This applies universally to all the countries in the world.

The poverty line is calculated based on the caloric requirements of adults (working class) in rural and urban areas. In rural areas it is 2400 calories and in urban areas it is 2100 calories. The poverty line is estimated periodically (normally every five years) by conducting sample surveys. These surveys are carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). However, for making comparisons between developing countries, many international organisations like the World Bank use a uniform standard for the poverty line: minimum availability of the equivalent of $1 per person per day.

Uneven distribution of poverty is due to differences in social and economic infrastructure in different states.

As per the Census report, the percentage of population living Below Poverty Line is 27.5%.

Agriculture and allied fields like dairy, fisheries, animal husbandry are a major source of employment in Punjab and Haryana. So, main living of people here depends on agriculture. With the high growth rate in agriculture, these states have succeeded in reducing poverty.

The 'poorest of the poor' are those who are systematically denied equal access to their family resources in rural areas. They include women, girl children and elderly people.

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) was set up in 1950, with the idea of having a permanent survey organization to collect data on various facets of the economy. In order to assist in socio-economic planning and policy making, NSSO conducts nationwide sample surveys known as National Sample Survey (NSS). The NSS is a continuing survey in the sense that it is carried out in the form of successive “rounds”, each round usually of a year's duration covering several topics of current interest. The surveys are conducted through household interviews, using a random sample of households covering practically the entire geographical area of the country. 

In 2004-05 there was around 21.8 percent poverty in India.

National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducts surveys to determine the minimum amount required by a rural or urban household to meet basic requirements and hence categorizes the population as above poverty line and below poverty line.

Till the mid-eighties the population of India living below the poverty line was declining in relative terms but increasing in absolute terms but now it is declining in absolute term also.

Absolute poverty refers to a condition where a person does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living needs over an extended period of time.

The social groups most vulnerable to poverty are the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe households. Both of these groups have above average levels of poverty indicators in the rural and the urban population.

Economics laws are based on various assumptions which are necessary to follow while applying the law is as well as these laws can be applied only is some specific situation with given set of conditions. Moreover,  these economic laws are not rigid statements but their application depends upon the tendency of their implementation. Therefore, all of the above can be regarded as economic laws. 

Calorie intake was made the basic for determining poverty in 1978 itself. It was stipulated that the calorie standard for a typical individual in rural areas were 2400 calories and was 2100 calories in urban areas. Two committees under the chairmanships of Prof. Suresh D. Tendulkar and Dr. N.C. Saxena have submitted their reports on methodology for estimation of poverty and methodology for conducting BPL census in rural areas, respectively. Presently, NITI Aayog is working on a new methodology.

Amartya Sen was an Indian economist who contributed to welfare economics and social choice theory and also established interest in the problems of society's poorest members as she conducted lots of research on famines and how such problems can be solved through various policy and implications. 

1:Dadabhai called British economic exploitation as Economic drain in his book "Poverty and Un-British rule in India".
2:The transfer of resources and wealth from India to England without providing 'any equivalent return' which began in the second half of the eighteenth century had been christened by Indian 'non-practicing' economists like Dadabhai Naoroji, M. G. Ranade, R. C. Dutt as the “economic drain”.

Amartya Sen is considered to be the Mother Teresa of Economics. He won the Nobel Prize for welfare economics. Just like Mother Teresa, Sen was also inclined towards being thoughtful for people. His work shows his concern for humans and their dignity. 

Dr. Amartya Sen, an Indian Economist, won the Noble Prize for economics in 1998 for welfare economics and social choice theory. He had an interest in the lives of the poorest section of the society. He worked on human rights, poverty and inequality and tried to improve the well-being of the community.

Modern economists define economics as the science of growth and efficiency as in the contemporary world economics focuses the rate of growth and how much the scarce resources are efficiently  used,that is, without wastage in order to derive the maximum utility.

• Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who described economics as a science which deals with the creation of wealth where wealth generation focused on the personal gains of the individual which was more of capitalist economy.
  
• Alfred Marshall was a British economist who proposed the definition of welfare according to which material welfare focused on the materialistic gains in the economy.
  
• Paul A Samuelson was an American economists who proposed many theories on income and its even distribution and how these two factors leads to growth and development of the nation. Development and growth is the modern macroeconomics which focuses on personal gain with social welfare.
  
• Lionel Robbins was a British economist who proposed a very scientific definition on  economics where he described the importance of effective relationship between scarcity and choice is the modern microeconomics which focuses on unlimited wants and scarcity of resources.
  

Net value added is equal to Payments accruing to factors of production i.e. rent, wages, interest and profits.

Economics is the study that establishes an effective relationship between unlimited wants and scarce resources so that all the unlimited wants are mostly satisfied by the use of scarce resources. 
At micro level it deals with individual variables like consumer or producer and how they influence the market. 

Amartya Sen is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members. 

When the workforce population that ranges from 19-60 years rises in a country in comparison to other age composition it creates an advanced balance in the country's demographics as the production increases due to more contribution of the population. Such situations are known as demographic dividend.

Amartya Sen was an Indian economist who contributed to welfare economics and social choice theory and also established interest in the problems of society's poorest members. He was of the opinion that the government policies should focus on and prioritise the interests of the poor.