• Joint forest management is a policy of forest conservation in which the government and local communities strive for the conservation of forests.
  
• Chipko Movement: Chipko Movement was a forest conservation movement in India. It began in 1973. Alaknanda floods alarmed people of how deforestation has resulted in the disturbance.
  
• Beej Bachao Andolan is a forest conservatory movement which not only aimed at protecting traditional seeds but also to promote the local traditions of the communities living there.
  
• All of the above movements involved communities. But wildlife sanctuaries are demarcated to limit the entry of local communities into forest areas this is done by the Government and Forest Department. 
  

Environmental conservation,

The Orang National Park also known as Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park is located on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River in the Darrang and Sonitpur districts of Assam, India.

In India joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. 

Deputy Commissioner is equivalent to divisional forest officer. H.S. Gibson was the Deputy Conservator of Forests in Darjeeling. Due to British rule there was a lot of deforestation in this area in early 20^th century. Due to this deforestation there was a huge reduction in rainfall. Gibson worked for upliftment of forests in this area and was against deforestation.

Manas National Park or Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a national park, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve in Assam, India. Located in the Himalayan foothills, it is contiguous with the Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan.

Over the years, the area under forest cover has decreased steadily, as forests have been cleared for agriculture, industry, housing, and other development activities like the construction of roads, railways, and hydroelectric plants.

• The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas but has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful. 
  
• Chipko Movement was initiated by Sunderlal Bahuguna in 1927 and later the movement picked up its pace in 1973.
• Chipko Movement followed Gandhian method of non-violence and Satyagraha.

• Teak plantation is popular in south India due to dry deciduous climate.
• Teak having commercial value was planted extensively in South India by British during 19th Century. 
• Excessive teak plantation cover has led to destruction of natural forests. 

• Chipko Movement was initiated by Sunderlal Bahuguna.
  
• The movement picked up its pace in 1973. 
  
• Movement was initiated to prevent cutting of trees. 
• Chipko Movement followed Gandhian method of nonviolence and Satyagraha.

• It was started in 1980 by Vijay Jardhari.

• Beej Bachao Andolan means Save our Seeds.
• Beej Bachao Andolan started in Uttarakhand.
• It also promotes traditional agricultural practices.

• River valley projects are developed to provide electricity, Irrigation and drinking water for larger areas.
• Since 1951, total forest area cleared for river valley projects is 5000 sq km.
• The famous river valley projects in India are Damodar valley multi-purpose project and Bakra-Nangal project.
  

• Hunting is not allowed in Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri'.
• Five villages of Alwar district of Rajasthan had declared Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri'.

The tribal people protect and workships trees like Mahua. The Mahua fruit is eaten as vegetable , while oil from the seeds is used for everthing, from a hair fixer, for cooking and lighting lamps , to making soap . The crushed leftover matter then becomes a seedcake used as fertiliser. Both the flowers and oils have long been used in traditional medicine as a cure for many diseases.

• Beej Bachao Andolan was started at Tehri in Uttarakhand.
• It was started in 1980 by Vijay Jardhari.
• Beej Bachao Andolan means Save our Seeds.
• It also promotes traditional agricultural practices.
  
• Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable. 
  

The Indian biosphere reserves in the list of the world network of biosphere reserves include Nilgiri, Gulf of Mannar, Sunderban, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, Pachmarhi, Simlipal, Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Great Nicobar and Agasthyamala. The Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve is one of the highest ecosystems in the world.

For local people living in the Himalayan mountains in India, agriculture is the mainland use activity and is strongly linked to the forests in providing sustainability. 

• 54.4% of the total forest land has been declared reserved forest.
• Reserved forests are acquired and owned by the Government of India. In these forest activities like hunting, grazing, etc. are banned completely.

An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association of importance, needed for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment.

 There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40501.13 km2, which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, May 2019).

 

The Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nadu is Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve: 10,500 km2 (4,100 sq mi) established in 1989.

Odisha,

The level of pollution is much higher in areas where industries are located. Steel plants emit significant dust levels of about 20 kilograms per metric ton of steel. The trees act as a barrier for the dust and purify the air.

• Joint forest management is a policy of forest conservation in which the government and local communities strive for the conservation of forests.
  
• Chipko movement: Chipko movement was a forest conservation movement in India. It began in 1973. Alaknanda floods alarmed people of how deforestation has resulted in the disturbance.
  
• Beej Bachao Andolan is a forest conservatory movement which not only aimed at protecting traditional seeds but also to promote the local tradition of the communities living there.
  
• All the above movements involved communities. But wild life sanctuaries are demarcated to limit the entry of local communities into forest areas.
  

The Indian government has established 18 biosphere reserves in India,  (categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Category V Protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary), and often include one or more National Parks or preserves, along with buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life. Animals are protected and saved here.

A Biosphere Reserve is a unique and representative ecosystem of terrestrial and coastal areas that are internationally recognised within the framework of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere programme. There are 15 biosphere reserves in India. Out of these four biospheres have been included in the world network of Biosphere reserves. These four biosphere reserves are:

The Asiatic cheetah, also known as Iranian or Persian cheetah, is a Critically Endangered cheetah subspecies surviving today only in Iran. It once occurred from the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to the Caspian region, Kyzylkum Desert, Pakistan, and India, but has been extinct there during the 20th century.

Because this initiative can be carried out by government. They do not involve community participation.

Deforestation is the process of cutting down forests in order to satisfy human needs like laying roads, for the purpose of wood for furniture etc.

Deforestation has many negative effects like Increase in temperature on the earth, Ground water depletion, and Weather change in different parts of the world

The destruction of forests and wildlife leads to deforestation. Deforestation is the process of cutting down forests in order to satisfy human needs like laying roads, for the purpose of wood for furniture etc.

It has a number of negative effects like loss of livelihood of the local communities as the forests serve as the livelihood for the people living in the area. Depletion of culture because traditional wildlife would get exhausted leading to the people moving away from the areas to urban areas. Depletion of biological stock is the other effect caused due to deforestation.

• Cinchona is a shrub belonging to the Rubiaceae family. It’s a flowering plant native of South American forests.
  
• It is a medicinal herb which is a muscle relaxant. It is used to control shivering especially in case of malaria.
  
• This is the National Tree of Peru.
  

The first Reserve Forest of India was Satpura National Park. It is located in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh. Its name is derived from the Satpura range of mountains.

Permanent forests are reserved and protected forests .The state with largest area under permanent forests is Madhya Pradesh which is in the central India. Forests cover 30.71% of the state.

• Demarcating national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests are different ways of protecting forests by limiting the public entry into the forests.
  
• But demarcating tourist spots are not concerned with the forest conservation. 
  

• Depletion of flora and fauna of the region mainly occur due to deforestation, which is cutting down trees resulting in the loss of habitat of flora and fauna of the region.
  
• Deforestation is the result of urbanization, spread of agriculture lands, and implementation of multipurpose river valley projects like construction of dams.
  
• But collection of wood for fuel by rural women do not destroy forests as they only collect dry and fallen wooden sticks.
  

Kaziranga wildlife sanctuary is a national park in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts in the state of Assam, India. The sanctuary preserves one-horned rhinoceros.

It is a World Heritage Site. It was established in the year 1908. It covers an area of 430 sq km.

In India total forest cover in 2001 was just 20.55% of the total geographical area. Forests covered an area of 675,538 km2. According to 2015 statistics, total forest cover has grown in the country (21.34%).

• Indian wild life act was enacted from the year 1972 to protect wild plant and animal species.
  
• According to this Act, hunting, harvesting and harming of animals is strictly prohibited.
  
• It also imposed restriction on harvesting forest resources.
  

• Imperial Forest Research Institute was founded in the year 1906 in Dehradun. It is now called as Forest Research Institute which is under Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and is a premier institution in the field of forestry research in India.
  
• It hosts the campus Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service (IFS).
  

Madhya Pradesh has the highest area under forest about 77,522 sq km. Arunachal Pradesh holds the second position.

The Forest Research Institute is an institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and is a premier institution in the field of forestry research in India.

Guindy National Park is a 2.70 km2 (1.04 sq mi) protected area of Tamil Nadu, located in Chennai, India, is the 8th-smallest National Park of India and one of the very few national parks situated inside a city. The park is an extension of the grounds surrounding Raj Bhavan, formerly known as the 'Guindy Lodge', the official residence of the Governor of Tamil Nadu, India. It extends deep inside the governor's estate, enclosing beautiful forests, scrub lands, lakes and streams.

Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, also known as Pakshi Kashi of Karnataka, is a bird sanctuary in the Mandya District of the state of Karnataka in India. It is the largest bird sanctuary in the state, only 40 acres in area, and comprises six islets on the banks of the Kaveri river.

Kaziranga National Park is the name to exemplify the most popular conservation efforts to save the endangered species like one-horned rhinoceros in India. Located in the Golaghat and Nagaon district of Assam, this most notable wildlife sanctuary is being declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the year 1985.

Kerala,

Valmiki National Park, Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary are located at the India-Nepal border in the West Champaran district of Bihar, India on the bank of river Gandak. It is the only National park in Bihar. The extensive forest area of Valmikinagar was previously owned by the Bettiah Raj and Ramanagar Raj until the early 1950s. Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) is one of the natural virgin recesses in east India, situated in the northwest corner of Bihar. The pristine forest and wilderness of VTR is an excellent example of a Himalayan Terai landscape. VTR comprises the Valmiki National Park and Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary. The VTR forest area covers 899.38 square kilometers (347.25 sq mi), which is 17.4% of the total geographical area of the district West Champaran. As of 2018, there were 40 tigers in the Reserve.

Kaziranga National Park is a protected area in the northeast Indian state of Assam. Spread across the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River, its forests, wetlands and grasslands are home to tigers, elephants and the world’s largest population of Indian one-horned rhinoceroses. Ganges River dolphins swim in the park’s waters. It’s visited by many rare migratory birds, and gray pelicans roost near Kaziranga village.

Valley of Flowers National Park is an Indian national park, located in North Chamoli, in the state of Uttarakhand and is known for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and the variety of flora. This richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals, including the Asiatic black bear, snow leopard, musk deer, brown bear, red fox, and blue sheep. Birds found in the park include Himalayan monal pheasant and other high altitude birds. At 3352 to 3658 meters above sea level, the gentle landscape of the Valley of Flowers National Park complements the rugged mountain wilderness of Nanda Devi National Park to the east. Together, they encompass a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the Zanskar and the Great Himalaya. The park stretches over an expanse of 87.50 km2 and it is about 8 km long and 2 km wide. Both parks are encompassed in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (223,674 ha) which is further surrounded by a buffer zone (5,148.57 km2). Nanda Devi National Park Reserve is in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

Plants in forest release oxygen through the process of photosynthesis and thus helps in providing oxygen for respiration.

Karnatak,

The Earth cannot sustain life without healthy, thriving forests.They are like the green lungs of the planet, supplying us with oxygen and helping to balance rainfall and climate.They are home to over two-thirds of the world’s species.  Yet our forests are at risk. They are being logged for things like toothpaste, tissue paper, magazines, animal feed and more. They are being burned, degraded and logged at astonishing rates, as much as 80% of the world’s forests are already destroyed.

NFP proposed that 60% of the land in the hills and 20% in the plains and in all 33% of the total geographical area should be under forest/tree cover.

 The policy was revised in 1952 and again in 1988. The main plank of the revised forest policy of 1988 is protection, conservation and development of forests.

Dihang-Dibang Bio-reserves of India is not included in the world network of bio-reserve.

Eucalyptus is a tall evergreen tree. It attains the height of more than 300 feet. Leaves of the tree on juvenile shoots are opposite, sessile, cordate-ovate, and covered with a bluish-white bloom. The adult leaves are alternate, lanceolate and are 6-12 inches long and 1-2 inches broad. In eucalyptus-tree flowers is cream in color. The appearance of its bark varies with the age of the tree. Its bark consists of long fibers and can be pulled off in long pieces. Stems of the seedlings and coppice shoots are quadrangular. Flowers are in cymose panicles. The fruit is a capsule. 

The most important commercial forests of India are Tropical deciduous. As per the economic resource pooling of India, the tropical Deciduous forests are the best ones in terms of export, import and revenue.

Marine National Park in the Gulf of Kutch is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kachchh in the Devbhumi Dwarka District of Gujarat state, India. In 1980, an area of 270 sq. km. from Okha to Jodiya was declared Marine Sanctuary. Later, in 1982, a core area of 110sq. km was declared Marine National Park under the provisions of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 of India. There are 42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the Marine National Park, most of them surrounded by reefs. The best known island is Pirotan.

In the North-East, the Gaj Yatra has been rolled out by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) from Tura, the principal town of Garo Hills of Meghalaya on May 28, 2018. It is the part of an 18-month-long national campaign to protect Indias national heritage animal elephants and its habitat. The event involves taking an elephant mascot across districts frequented by jumbo herds for generating awareness among the people. 

• Chipko movement was a forest conservation movement in India. It began in 1973. Alaknanda floods alarmed people of how deforestation has resulted in disturbance.
  
• Thus people took up this movement and carried on a number of rallies to create awareness among people. They protested against commercial logging operations. And finally deforestation was prevented.
  

Indian forest Act was passed by British. It was passed in the year 1865. According to this act the right of Indian communities on forests were limited and authority was transferred to British government.

The act of 1865 empowered the British government to declare any land covered with trees as a government forest and make rules to manage it.

A.  BEST

A. Air pollution.

Benefits of carpooling:

1. Carpooling can save you hundreds and even thousands of dollars a year as it reduces the costs involved in repetitive or long-distance driving.
2. It reduces the stress of your commute and allows you to read, relax, or even work while commuting.
3. Carpooling enables some families to cut back to one car or to do without a car at all.
4. If you don’t have a car or don’t drive, carpooling allows you to consider jobs throughout the area.
5. Carpooling can provide you with new friendships and company for your commute.
6. Carpooling reduces air pollution and traffic congestion, something that benefits all of us!
7. Carpooling helps to combat rising traffic congestion, by filling the extra seats in your car, there are fewer drivers, and therefore fewer cars crowding the roads.

B.  Delhi Transport Corporation

Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is the main public transport operator of Delhi. It operates buses on many bus routes, including the Mudrika (the Ring Road Service) and Bahri Mudrika (the Outer Ring Road Service). It is one of the largest CNG-powered bus service operator in the world

A. vehicular pollution.

Carpooling is one of the best solutions to the problem of expensive gas and is an excellent air pollution solution. Like any other venture that involves the participation of other people, you may need to agree on some things in advance in order to keep things running smoothly. A car pool can remove three to four vehicles from the road per day, and you'll want to continue this personal step in air pollution control for as long as possible.