Digestion of food
Which of the following is true about digestion and absorption of food?
-
Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase are brush border enymes
-
The chemical process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity. A bout $60\%$ starch is hydrolysed here by salivary amylase to form maltose
-
Rennin is proteolytic enzyme found in grastic juice of infants. Small amounts of lipases are also secreted by the gastric glands
-
If breast feeding is replaced by less nutritive food low in proteins and calories, the infants below the age of one year will suffer from kwashiorkar
What is the important role of water in the process of digestion :-
-
Prevent dehydration
-
Metabolic process
-
$1st$ and $2nd $ both
-
Provides energy
Which of the following is not a part of nutrition ?
-
Digestion
-
Absorption
-
Assimilation
-
none of these
Which of the following helps in the digestion of food?
-
Hormones
-
Digestive juice
-
Water
-
Blood
- The process of digestion begins from the mouth itself and gets completed in small intestine.
- Stomach plays a key role in the digestion of food. It has gastric glands which secrete gastric juices needed to break down food to simple nutrients and thereby contributing to digestion.
- There are different hormones in our body that has different functions. For example, there could be pH changes associated with different types of food. This pH change stimulates the secretion of a hormone called gastrin which induces the production of digestive juices. But it is not directly connected to the digestion process.
- Water is present in cell, organs and tissues to help regulating temperature and maintaining body functions.
- Absorbed food enters the blood stream and is taken to different parts of the body.
Who revealed secrets of digestion?
-
Mendel
-
Beaumont
-
Newton
-
S. Bose
- William Beaumont revealed the functioning of human stomach in a living person. In 1833, He published his findings in the book, 'The Experiments and Observation of the Gastric juice and Physiology of Digestion'. After 10 years from there, he listed many conclusions about the chemical nature of digestion.
- He primarily discovered that gastric juice is responsible for the breakdown of food into simple nutrients and he also described the movement of stomach during digestion.
- So, the correct option is B.
Digestion is completed in
-
Duodenum
-
Ileum
-
Stomach
-
Cloaca
Digestion is completed in the Ileum because it is the last part of small intestine where all the digestive secretions end. From the large intestine, the process of absorption occurs predominantly.
Enterokinase / enteropeptidase takes part in conversion of
-
Pepsinogen to pepsin
-
Trypsinogen to trypsin
-
Protein into polypeptides
-
Caseinogen into casein
Epithelial cells involved in absorption of digested food have on their free surface
-
Zymogen granules
-
Pinocytic vesicles
-
Phagocytic vesicles
-
Microvilli
Cattle are able to digest cellulose which humans cannot because cattle have
-
Cellulose digesting bacteria
-
More efficient digestive system
-
Large stomach
-
Long intestine
Find out the correct sequence of substrate, enzyme and product
-
$Small intestine : Proteins \xrightarrow{pepsin} Amino acids$
-
$Stomach : Fats \xrightarrow{Lipase}micelles$
-
$Duodenum : Triglycerides \xrightarrow{trypsin} Monoglycerides$
-
$Small intestine : Starch \xrightarrow{a-amylase}Maltose$
The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which hydrolyses starch into maltose. The complete digestion of starch occurs only in the small intestine by the action of pancreatic amylase. The activity of enzymes is strongly affected by several factors, such as temperature and pH.
If for some reason the parietal cells of the gut epithelium become partially nonfunctional, what is likely to happen
-
Pancreatic enzymes, specially trypsin and lipase will not work efficiently
-
Proteins will not be adequately hydrolysed by pepsin to proteoses and peptones
-
pH of stomach will fall abruptly
-
Steapsin will not be effective
The enzyme that is not present in succus entericus is
-
Maltase
-
Nucleases
-
Nucleosidase
-
Lipase
Cellulose in our food passes out undigested.
-
True
-
False
Cellulose falls into the category of indigestible carbohydrates known as dietary fibre. Humans don't have an enzyme to digest cellulose.
Digestion of food occurs as a result of
-
hydrolysis
-
oxidation
-
polymerization
-
reduction
- The digestion process depends upon hydrolysis to provide the biochemical reactions that break down food.
- The digestive tract secretes enzymes, such as proteases, carbohydrases, nucleases and lipases that, along with water, catalyze the hydrolysis that releases various nutrients. Hence, the Digestion of food occurs as a result of hydrolysis.
Choose the correct answers from the alternatives given.
Most chemical digestion occurs in the
-
stomach
-
liver
-
duodenum
-
large intestine
Enteropeptidase is an enzyme produced by the cells of the duodenum and is involved in the digestion in humans and other animals. Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes
Most digestive systems have regions for.......... food
-
transporting
-
processing
-
storing
-
all of these
The digestive system plays an important role in the absorption of nutrients into the body. It takes the food we ingest, breaks it down mechanically and chemically in the mouth and stomach. It then absorbs nutrients, fats, proteins, and water in the intestines before eliminating the waste through the rectum
Which of the following is not produced in the stomach?
-
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
-
Gastrin
-
Hydrochloric acid
-
Pepsinogen
- The stomach produces gastrin, hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.
- G-cells in the stomach releases gastrin in response to distension of the antrum. This, in turn, causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells or oxyntic cells, which kills or inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH for the proteases to work and pepsinogen is released from chief cells in the stomach called zymogenic cells or peptic cells.
- Pepsinogen, inactive form of the enzyme in presence of hydrochloric acid activates into the active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides. Hence, sodium hydrogen carbonate is not produced in the stomach.
Disorders of digestive system
In which of the following order, the process of digestion proceeds?
-
Digestion $\rightarrow$ Ingestion $\rightarrow$ Absorption $\rightarrow$
Assimilation $\rightarrow$ Egestion -
Digestion $\rightarrow$ Ingestion $\rightarrow$ Assimilation $\rightarrow$ Absorption $\rightarrow$ Egestion
-
Ingestion $\rightarrow$ Digestion $\rightarrow$ Assirhilation $\rightarrow$ Absorption $\rightarrow$ Egestion
-
Ingestion $\rightarrow$ Digestion $\rightarrow$ Absorption $\rightarrow$ Assimilation $\rightarrow$ Egestion
Which of these is a part of your digestive system?
-
Stomach
-
Pancreas
-
Rectum
-
All of the above
All of these choices are a part of your digestive system. Your digestive system has many other associated organs including the small intestine, large intestine, and liver. The stomach is an area of food digestion. The pancreas releases hormones that affect the digestive process. The rectum is the last place you store you food before the process of elimination (pooping).
Choose the correct answers from the alternatives given.
In Paramecium, the phenomenon of cyclosis is associated with
-
digestion
-
excretion
-
locomotion
-
reproduction
Cyclosis is the movement in the fluid in the cytoplasm where the proteins and nutrient in the cytoplasm get digested.
Find the odd out and state category of rest ;
-
Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, Pepsin
-
Cortisone , Somatotropin, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Vasopressin
-
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
-
Urea, Creatinine, Ammonia, Uric acid
-
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes
(A)Pepsin is not a nitrogenous base.
The undigested, semisolid food is called
-
Anus
-
Faeces
-
Rectum
-
Villi
- The human digestive system consists of a long muscular tube and several accessory organs such as the salivary glands, pancreas and gall bladder.
- It is responsible for food ingestion and digestion, absorption of digestion products and the elimination of undigested materials.
- Undigested semi-solid food remaining in the large intestine is called faeces which are eliminated through the anus.
The longest part of the alimentary canal is
-
Oesophagus
-
Large intestine
-
Small intestine
-
Stomach
- The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
- The longest part of the alimentary canal is small intestine because it is the main organ of absorption and digestion of food.
- The surface area of the small intestine gets increased because of the presence of villi which gives food plenty of time to break down properly. Hence, the longest part of the alimentary canal is a small intestine.
Stomach secretes
-
Dilute hydrochloric acid
-
Dilute sulphuric acid
-
Dilute citric acid
-
Dilute nitric acid
- Parietal cells in the stomach contain an extensive secretory network from which the dilute hydrochloric acid is secreted into the lumen of the stomach.
- This dilute Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids, a process known as proteolysis. Hence, Stomach secretes Dilute hydrochloric acid'
Bile is secreted by
-
Stomach
-
Small intestine
-
Pancreas
-
Liver
- Bile is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that helps in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
- In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver, and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Hence, Bile is secreted by the liver.
The inner layer of the stomach releases
-
Water
-
Blood
-
Minerals
-
Digestive juices
- The stomach is made of 4 layers. They are serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa. These layers of smooth muscle consist of the outer longitudinal, the middle circular, and the inner oblique muscles.
- The innermost layer or lining (mucosa) contains the glands that release digestive juices which includes pepsin, chymotrypsin, hydrochloric acid etc. Hence, The inner layer of the stomach releases digestive juices.
Brunner's glands are present in submucosa of.
-
Stomach
-
Caecum
-
Intestine
-
Oesophagus
The stomach takes part in
-
Breaking food mechanically
-
Partially digesting the food
-
Disinfecting the food
-
All the above
Ecological pyramids are of
-
Two types
-
Three types
-
Four types
-
Five types
A pyramid-shaped diagram represents quantity wise numbers of organisms, energy relationships, and biomass of an ecosystem; In lower trophic levels number of organisms are high(plants) and at the highest trophic level, lesser number as some energy is lost as heat, in each transformation. This relationship is sometimes called an ecological pyramid. The ecological pyramids represent the trophic structure and also trophic function of the ecosystem. In many ecological pyramids, the producer form the base and the successive trophic levels make up the apex. The ecological pyramids may be of following three kinds-
What is acrosomal reaction?
-
Contact of sperms with egg
-
Digestion of zona pellucida
-
Disintegration of acrosome
-
Contact of acrosome and nucleus of egg
Our stomach is located
-
In the head
-
In the left side of the body
-
In the right side of the body
-
Below the abdomen
- The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen.
- The stomach receives food from the oesophagus.
- As food reaches the end of the oesophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower oesophagal sphincter.
- The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. Hence, our stomach is located on the left side of the body.
In which animal both intracellular and intercellular digestion occurs
-
Hydra
-
Earthworm
-
Nematode
-
Paramecium
Choose the correct answer from the allternatives given.
Which part of the digestive system secretes peritrophic membrane around the food in cockroach?
-
Crop
-
Gizzard
-
Hepatic caecae
-
Mesenteron
Answer C: Hepatic Caecae
Find out phenotypic categories in following cross :
A - AaBbCC $\times$ aa BBCc
B - Gg Rr Tt $\times$ gg rr TT
C - aabbCC $\times$ AA BB cc
-
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1
-
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2
-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1
-
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 2
The phenotype of an organism is the composite of the organisms observable characters, A has 2 observable characters, B shows 4 characters, while C shows 3.
Choose the correct answers from the alternatives given.
The archenteron develops into
-
blastocoel
-
endoderm
-
lumen of the digestive tract
-
placenta
Archenteron is the primary cavity which is formed at the initial stage of gastrulation. This cavity begins at the dorsal lip of blastopore which is at the one side of the dividing zygote and then this cavity moves through the zygote to the other side which gives rise to the anus.
How many of the enzymes given below in block belong to brush border enzymes?
Multase, Nucleosidase, Enterokinase, Amylopsin, Steapsin, Nucleases, Erepsin, Carboxypeptidase, Lactase, Aminopeptidase
-
Six
-
Seven
-
Five
-
Four
The brush borders of the intestinal lining are the site of terminal carbohydrate digestions. The microvilli that constitute the brush border have enzymes for this final part of digestion anchored into their apical plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins. Maltase, lactase, erepsin, nucleosidase are the brush border enzymes.
So, the correct option is 'four'.
Citrate undergoes dehydration to form unstable compound
-
iso-citrate
-
succinate
-
cis-aconitate
-
aconitate
In step two, an enzyme called aconitase converts citrate into isocitrate. Next, an isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme oxidizes isocitrate, a six-carbon molecule, to a five-carbon α-ketoglutarate. The carbon that was lost is released as carbon dioxide and one NADH is also formed.
Which reserve food is consumed by man during starvation:
-
Fat
-
Protein
-
Glycogen
-
Vitamin
Starvation is defined as a severe deficiency in calorie energy intake needed to maintain human life.
Which of the following break down the food into the simpler form that the body can use?
-
Digestive juice
-
Teeth
-
Water
-
None of the above
The digestive juices consist of saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and bile. They help in break down of complex food into simpler building block components that can easily be absorbed by the body. These reactions occur outside the cells lining the gut.
Most digestion and all absorption of food take place in the :-
-
small intestine
-
large intestine
-
stomach
-
caecum
Pepsin is the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach that stomach that breaks down proteins. Cells produce pepsinogen that is produced to act on mucus by epithelial cells of the stomach that helps to protect the lining of the stomach from corrosive hydrochloric acid and pepsin. And the absorption is done in small intestine.
Which part of the body contains teeth?
-
Buccal cavity
-
Body cavity
-
Both A and B
-
Tooth cavity
The mouth leads to the buccal cavity or oral cavity. The oral cavity has a number of teeth and a muscular tongue. Teeth help in mastication of food when tongue helps in mixing of food with saliva.
The process of taking in food from the environment is called
-
Ingestion
-
Digestion
-
Assimilation
-
Nutrition
- Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism.
- In animals, it normally accomplished by taking in the substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking.
- In single-celled organisms, ingestion can take place by taking the substance through the cell membrane. Hence, The process of taking in food from the environment is called ingestion.
In the buccal cavity, food is broken down by the teeth of
-
Upper jaw only
-
Lower jaw only
-
Both A and B
-
Tongue
The tongue is a muscular structure that cannot break down food. The food is broken down by the teeth of the upper jaw and lower jaw. Teeth is a hard part of the mouth that has a hard chewing surface covering made up of an enamel which helps in the mastication of food.
The fluid secreted in the mouth for partial breakdown of food is called as
-
Gastric juice
-
Pancreatic juice
-
Saliva
-
Hormone
Saliva is present in the buccal cavity. It helps in lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into a bolus.(mass of food) has salivary amylase that hydrolyzed 30% of starch into maltose. Hence, it helps in particle digestion of food.
A bolus is
-
A mass of crushed food moistened with saliva
-
The semisolid material resulting from partial digestion in the stomach
-
The milky emulsified fat absorbed from small intestine
-
Indigestible materials that help in movement and absorption of food
A bolus is a mass of crushed food moistened with saliva.