Concept and necessity of globalization - class-XI
Description: concept and necessity of globalization | |
Number of Questions: 75 | |
Created by: Sharvani Hegde | |
Tags: liberalization, privatization and globalization business environment commerce business studies organisation of commerce and management multinational corporations |
Liberalisation means:
-
Integration among economies
-
Reduced government controls and restrictions
-
Policy of planned disinvestment
-
None of them
Liberalization means relaxation of various government restrictions in the areas of social and economic policies. Liberalizing trade policy by the government that is removal of tariff, subsidies and other restrictions on the flow of goods and services between countries is also termed as liberalization.
Privatisation is a ____________.
-
Global phenomenon
-
Internal phenomenon
-
New phenomenon
-
Traditional phenomenon
Privatization is a global trend. Privatization can be defined as a process of transferring of ownership or management of an enterprise from public sector to private sector. It helps to increase the size and dynamism of private sector. It also helps to reduce administrative burdens on the public sector.
The integration of the country with the world economy is called ______.
-
International trade
-
European Community Market
-
Free trade zones
-
Globalisation
The integration of the country with the world economy is called globalization. Globalization can be defined as the growing interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and also through rapid diffusion of technology.
An important factor which has facilitated the globalisation process is ________.
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Foreign capital
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Foreign investment
-
Foreign Aid
-
Technology
An important factor which has facilitated the globalization process is technology. Globalization can be defined as the growing interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and also through rapid diffusion of technology.
The term 'globalisation' is a synonym for the term __________.
-
Nationalisation
-
Liberalisation
-
Privatisation
-
Internationalisation
The term 'globalization' is a synonym for the term internationalization. Globalization can be defined as the growing interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and also through rapid diffusion of technology.
Privatization is a/an ________.
-
Social policy
-
Economic policy
-
Political policy
-
International policy
Privatization is an international policy. Privatization can be defined as a process of transferring of ownership or management of an enterprise from public sector to private sector. It helps to increase the size and dynamism of private sector. It also helps to reduce administrative burdens on the public sector.
Closure of small scale firms is a positive effect of economic liberalisation.
-
True
-
False
B. False
The actual economic liberalization process began during _________.
-
1970's
-
1980's
-
1990's
-
1960's
Prior to liberalisation ___________ of the most important industries were exclusively reserved for the public sector.
-
7
-
10
-
12
-
17
Prior to liberalization 7 of the most important industries were exclusively reserved for the public sector. It was educed to 8 industries under the New Economic Policy, 1991. Liberalization refers to end of license, quota and many more restrictions and controls which were put on industries before 1991.
Economic and industrial liberalization was announced in the _________.
-
Industrial policy resolution, 1948
-
Industrial policy resolution, 1956
-
Industrial policy statement, 1977
-
Industrial policy, 1991
Economic and industrial liberalization was announced in the Industrial policy, 1991. It helped to create a more free and competitive environment in the market. It also enhanced the interaction and interdependence among the various nations of the global economy.
Industrial licensing is confined to ________.
-
5 industries
-
8 industries
-
10 industries
-
15 industries
An essential pre-requisite for a successful privatisation is _______.
-
globalisation
-
nationalisation
-
liberalisation
-
All the above
An essential pre-requisite for a successful privatization is liberalization. Liberalization refers to end of license, quota and many more restrictions and controls which were put on industries before 1991. Liberalization is of utmost importance in order to give greater role to private sector of the economy.
At present (2018) _______ industries are reserved for the public sector.
-
5
-
2
-
8
-
12
At present (2018) 2 industries are reserved for the public sector. Atomic energy and Railways are the only two government monopolies in India. Only public sector undertaking has the authority to run the activities of these industries.
Which of the following restrictions were removed by the liberalization policy?
-
Industrial licensing
-
Clearance from the MRTP act
-
Foreign Exchange restrictions
-
All the above
Reason(s) for Privatization __________________.
-
Revenue for Government
-
Increasing the role of Public Sector
-
Inefficiency of foreign sector
-
Inefficiency, indifference, irresponsibility and corruption
Reason for privatization is inefficiency, indifference, irresponsibility and corruption. Privatization is a global trend. Privatization can be defined as a process of transferring of ownership or management of an enterprise from public sector to private sector. It helps to increase the size and dynamism of private sector. It also helps to reduce administrative burdens on the public sector.
Globalisation means______________.
-
Several things to several people
-
Foreign trade orientation
-
Closed economy
-
Liberal economy
Globalization means several things to several people. Globalization can be defined as the growing interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and also through rapid diffusion of technology.
External sector liberalisation means _______.
-
relaxing restrictions on international flow of goods, services, technology and capital
-
relaxing restrictions on internal flow of capital
-
relaxing the role of market
-
all the above
External sector liberalization means relaxing restrictions on international flow of goods, services, technology and capital. External sector liberalization has helped bringing down the volatility as well as the instability of our economy. It helps to create a more free and competitive economy.
Privatization means _______________________.
-
The transfer of ownership or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector.
-
The transfer of ownership of an enterprise from the private sector to the public sector.
-
The withdrawal of the state from an industry, partially or fully.
-
Both (A) and (C)
The following are the ways of privatisation:
1. Disinvestment 2. Denationalization
3. Franchising 4. Contracting
Which is correct?
-
1, 2 and 4
-
2 and 4
-
1 and 2
-
All the above
The following are the ways of privatization:
Peter F. Drucker used the term 'Privatisation' in his famous book, ________.
-
What is Privatisation?
-
The Age of Discontinuity
-
Quality and Competition
-
Global Economy
Peter F. Drucker used the term 'Privatization' in his famous book, 'The Age of Discontinuity'. Privatization can be defined as a process of transferring of ownership or management of an enterprise from public sector to private sector. It helps to increase the size and dynamism of private sector. It also helps to reduce administrative burdens on the public sector.
Which among the following have not been opened for private sector participation?
-
Power Sector
-
Telecommunication Sector
-
Education Sector
-
Railways
Railways has not been opened for private sector participation. Railway sector is owned and managed by the Government of India. It is a public sector undertaking. Railways is still referred as a Government monopoly.
As there has been globalization of markets, the tastes and preferences of consumers world-wide are ________.
-
converging upon a global warm
-
so different that they can be ignored by internal organizations
-
being encouraged by multinational organizations to become increasingly similar
-
becoming similar to the tastes and preferences of American consumers
Globalization has brought the world closer. It has made import and export of goods easier between all the countries. One can get access to the different goods available across the world due to globalization. Hence, as there has been globalization of markets, the tastes and preferences of consumers world-wide are converging upon a global warm.
The importance of globalization for multinational firms is evident from which of the following?
-
Home demand, home factor conditions and domestic rivalry are no longer important to multinational firms
-
A multinational firm can gain a competitive advantage in a foreign country
-
The geography is no longer limited to multinational firms
-
All of the above
The importance of globalization for multinational firms is home demand, home factor conditions and domestic rivalry are no longer important to multinational firms. A multinational firm can gain a competitive advantage in a foreign country and the home base is no longer important to multinational firms.
Globalisation has brought _______.
-
economic growth best growing inequalities wealth and
-
resentment from low skilled workers who see their jobs go abroad
-
both (a) and (b)
-
real jobs in less developed countries and closed the poverty gap
Globalization means the integration of people across the globe to facilitate trade in a smooth way. It has brought the world closer. Hence, globalization has brought economic growth best growing inequalities wealth and resentment from low skilled workers who see their jobs go abroad.
Which among the following are the key drivers of globalization?
-
Government action, exchange rates, competition and socio-demographic factors
-
Market convergence, competition, exchange rates and cost advantages
-
Cost advantages, government action, economic cycles and competition
-
Market, cost, competition and government policies
Reasons for Globalization:
- Domestic markets are not enough and other markets are required for the progress of industry.
- World is shrinking because of the development of the transportation, communication, technological changes etc.
- An organization named WTO (World Trade Organization) was established for the development of cross border trade.
-For the development of business a new technology is needed which could be taken from overseas.
- To cut down the manufacturing cost, industries may set up manufacturing units overseas where manufacturing cost is favourable.
- To set up a business in a place which is politically more stable.
-Adverse business environment in home country pushes the companies to look for global market.
-Most companies move their head quarters to overseas to avoid their respective home countries' high taxes and other costs associated in business operation in those countries.
Thus, we can say that, market convergence, competition, exchange rates and cost advantages are the key drivers of globalization.
When a state owned enterprise is given in private hands, it is known as _____.
-
liberalisation
-
globalisation
-
privatisation
-
transformation
Opening up of an industry that has been reserved for the public sector to the private sector is an example of ______.
-
modernisation
-
liberalisation
-
globalisation
-
privatisation
Privatization can refer to the act of transferring ownership of specified property or business operations from a government organization to a privately owned entity, as well as the transition of ownership from a publicly traded, or owned, company to a privately owned company.
The process of privatisation is where _______.
-
services that were previously supplied internally are outsourced
-
a company is transferred from public limited by closure of an enterprise
-
a state-owned or nationalised corporation is sold to the private sector through sale of equity
-
all of the above
Out of the following which is NOT a business opportunity generated by globalization?
-
A low cost labour
-
Cheap international transport
-
Currency crises
-
Less stringent regulation of the business envirornment
Currency crises is NOT a business opportunity generated by globalization since globalization can be defined as a process of integration of various economies of world. Globalization involves greater interaction and interdependence among the various nations of global economy.
The objective of privatization is _________.
-
to increase the size of government investment
-
getting investment from only select strata of the society
-
to generate revenues for the state
-
all of the above
Privatization refers to the process
of transferring of ownership and management of an enterprise from public
sector to the private sector. Another dimension of privatization is
opening up of an industry that has been reserved for the public sector
to the private sector.The objective of privatization is to generate revenues for the state.
___________ enables the government to concentrate more on the essential state.
-
Privatization
-
Political policies
-
Increase in tax returns
-
Fiscal policies
Privatization enables the government to concentrate more on the essential state.Privatization refers to the process of transferring of ownership and management of an enterprise from public sector to the private sector. Another dimension of privatization is opening up of an industry that has been reserved for the public sector to the private sector.The objective of privatization is to generate revenues for the state.
"Foreign Collaboration" is an outcome of ________.
-
globalization
-
increase in skilled labour
-
reduction in export duty
-
privatization
"Foreign Collaboration" is an outcome of privatization. It refers to the process of transferring of ownership and management of an enterprise from public sector to the private sector.
The inability of domestic markets to provide ample business for all is the reason for _________.
-
liberalization
-
globalization
-
change in political policies
-
increase in export
The inability of domestic markets to provide ample business for all is the reason for globalization. Globalization is defined as the process of growing interdependence of the economies through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also throug the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.
The relaxation of government restrictions in areas of social of economic policy is known as _______.
-
privatization
-
globalization
-
liberalization
-
none of the above
The relaxation of government restrictions in areas of social of economic policy is known as liberalization. It refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary conntrols and restrictions on the smooth functioning of business enterprise.
Macro level globalization means ________.
-
globalization of the world economy
-
globalization of the business and the form
-
both a and b
-
none of the above
Macro level globalization means globalization of the world economy.Globalization is defined as the process of growing interdependence of the economies through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also throug the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.
The important routes of privatization are _______.
-
privatization of management, using leases and management contracts
-
privatization of ownership, through the sales of equality
-
franchising-authorizing the delivery of certain services in designated geographical areas
-
all of the above
Liberalization includes ________.
-
abolishing industrial licensing requirement in most of the industries
-
freedom in deciding the scale of business activities
-
freedom in fixing prices of goods and services
-
all of the above
Privatization can also be called _________.
-
nationalization
-
denationalization
-
growth of cottage industry
-
foreign investment
Privatization can also be called denationalization.Privatization refers to the process
of transferring of ownership and management of an enterprise from public
sector to the private sector. Another dimension of privatization is opening up of an industry that has been reserved for the public sector to the private sector.
Liberalisation has resulted in ____________ of foreign business organization.
-
easy exit
-
easy entry
-
difficult entry
-
none of the above
Liberalization has resulted in easy entry of foreign business organization. Liberalization refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions on the smooth functioning of business enterprise.
The negative effects of globalization on Indian industry are _______.
-
it increased competition in the Indian market between the foreign and domestic companies
-
it reduced the amount of profit of the Indian Industry companies.
-
both a and b
-
none of the above
Globalization of the economics and globalization of business are ___________.
-
independent
-
less Inter-dependent
-
very much inter-dependent
-
none of the above
Globalization of the economics and globalization of business are very much inter-dependent.Globalization is defined as the process of growing interdependence of the economies through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.
The process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions on the smooth functioning of a business enterprise is known as ________.
-
liberalisation
-
globalisation
-
privatisation
-
none of the above
Liberalization has resulted in easy entry of foreign business organization. Liberalization refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions on the smooth functioning of business enterprise.
The importance of globalization for multinational firms is________________.
-
home demand, home factor conditions and domestic rivalry are no longer important to multinational firms.
-
a multinational firm can gain a competitive advantage in a foreign country.
-
the home base is no longer important to multinational firms.
-
all of the above.
Out of the following ___________ represents a company's effort to identify and categorize groups of customers and countries according to common characteristics________________.
-
global targeting.
-
global marketing research
-
global market segmentation
-
global positioning.
Global market segmentation represents a company's effort to identify and categorize groups of customers and countries according to common characteristics. It is a part of the process of globalization as it helps to increase interdependence among various nations. It helps to serve the interest of the customers.
Liberalization does NOT include__________________.
-
reduction in taxes
-
simplifying exports
-
reducing administrative burden on state.
-
abolishing industrial licensing requirement for most of the industries.
Liberalization does NOT include reducing administrative burden on state. It is a process by which free and fair trade is promoted. It includes reduction in taxes, simplification of exports and abolishing industrial licensing requirement for most of the industries.
The objective of global marketing is to ______________.
-
coordinate the marketing activities within the constraints of the global environment.
-
satisfy global customers better than competition.
-
find global customers.
-
achieve all of the above.
If it is a global organization it means_________.
-
creating both standardized and customized products.
-
creating standardized products for homogeneous markets
-
customizing the product range for each segment in part.
-
none of the above.
If it is a global organization it means creating both standardized and customized products. Global organizations sell standard products in every region across the globe. It promotes the the process of globalization which helps to increase the interdependence among the different nations of the world.
Which factor has been the most rapidly changing component in an organization's general environment in the past quarter-century?
-
Global
-
Economic
-
Social
-
Technological
Technological factor has been the most rapidly changing component in an organization's general environment in the past quarter-century. Technology changes fast and to keep the pace with the dynamics of business environment; organization must be on its toes to adapt to the changed technology in their system.
The following factors are key drivers of globalisation________.
-
government action, exchanges rates, competition and sociodemographic factors.
-
market convergence, competition, exchange rates and cost advantage
-
cost advantages, government action, economic cycles and competition.
-
market, cost, competition and government policies.
Globalization is a process of increasing the interdependence among the different economies of the world. This process of globalization is greatly promoted by the advancement of technology. The following factors are key drivers of globalization: market, cost, competition and government policies.
Globalisation has brought_________________.
-
economic growth best growing inequalities wealth and
-
resentment from low skilled workers who see there jobs go abroad
-
a & b
-
real jobs in less developed countries and closed the poverty gap.
State whether the following statement is True or False:
Pressures for structural adjustments are a reason for globalisation.
-
True
-
False
Pressures for structural adjustments are a reason for globalization- this is a false statement.Globalization may be defined as "the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and the international capital flows and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.Market, cost, competition and government policies are the key drivers of globalization from the following factor
State whether the following statement is True or False:
Privatisation and globalisation are components of economic liberalisation.
-
True
-
False
A. True
State whether the following statement is True or False:
Denationalisation is a form of privatisation.
-
True
-
False
A. TRUE
The process of economic liberalization was implemented in India in the year __________.
-
1990
-
1991
-
1992
-
1993
Liberalization refers to end of licence, quota and many more restrictions and control that were put on many industries. The term basically refers to opening of the economy to the world and providing freedom to the departmental and public sector undertakings to access capital market in order to achieve international competitiveness.
The process of economic liberalization was implemented in India in the year 1991 when new economic reforms were introduced in order to protect the country from high debt to world bank.
Integration of national economies into world economy is called _______________.
-
Globalisation
-
Privatization
-
Liberalization
-
None of the above
Integration of national economies into world economy is called globalization.Globalization may be defined as "the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and the international capital flows and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.
Integration of national economies into a world economy is known as _______.
-
privatization
-
globalization
-
liberalization
-
all of them
Integration of national economies into a world economy is known as globalization.Globalization may be defined as "the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and the international capital flows and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.
Sale of public enterprises to private sector is called __________.
-
Globalisation
-
Privatization
-
Liberalization
-
None of the above
Partial or complete sale of a public sector enterprise is called _______.
-
liberalization
-
privatization
-
globalization
-
none of them
B. privatization.
Liberalization includes _________________________.
-
Adopting strict industrial licensing requirement in most of the industries
-
Reducing the fiscal burden of the state by relieving it of the losses of the SOEs and reducing the size of the bureaucracy
-
Simplified policies to attract foreign capital and technology to India
-
All of the above
Liberalization includes simplified policies to attract foreign capital and technology to India. Liberalization refers to end of licence, quota and many more restrictions and control that were put on many industries. Liberalization helped to achieve international competitiveness by attracting foreign capital and technology to India.
The object of privatization is/are________________.
-
To improve the performance of PSUs so as to lessen the financial burden on taxpayers
-
To encourage and to facilitate private sector investments, from both domestic and foreign sources
-
To generate revenues for the state
-
All of above
Privatization refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the role of public sector through disinvestment of public sector and dilution of stake of the government. The main objective of privatization is to improve the performance of private sector units, encourage investment in the private sector to raise the overall capital formation and to generate more revenue for the state.
Liberalization has helped us in achieving_____________.
-
High foreign exchange reserve
-
Low inflation rate
-
Strong rupee
-
All of above
Liberalization refers to end of licence, quota and many more restrictions and control that were put on many industries. The term basically refers to opening of the economy to the world and providing freedom to the departmental and public sector undertakings to access capital market in order to achieve international competitiveness.
Liberalization has helped us high foreign exchange reserves, low inflation rate in the economy through high investment and strong rupee by making other currencies relatively cheaper.
The object of privatization is/are_____________.
-
To increase the administrative burden on the state
-
To discourage private sector investments
-
To decrease the size and dynamism of the private sector
-
None of above
Privatization refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the role of public sector through disinvestment of public sector and dilution of stake of the government. The main objective of privatization is to improve the performance of private sector units and increase its size and dynamism, to encourage investment in the private sector to raise the overall capital formation and to reduce administrative burden on state.
Liberalization has helped us in achieving ___________.
-
A high growth rate
-
Easy availability of goods at competitive rates
-
A healthy and flourishing stock market
-
All of above
Liberalization has helped us in achieving :-a) A high growth rate
b) Easy availability of goods at competitive rates
c) Easy availability of goods at competitive rates
Liberalization refers to end of license, quota and many more restrictions and control that were put on many industries. Liberalization has so far helped us in achieving high growth rate, easy availability of goods at a competitive rates and a healthy and flourishing stock market for the economy.
Which of the following is NOT included in liberalization?
-
Reducing in tax matters
-
Abolition of licensing
-
Simplification of policies
-
Imposition of tariff barriers
Liberalization refers to end of licence, quota and many more restrictions and control that were put on many industries. The term basically refers to opening of the economy to the world and providing freedom to the departmental and public sector undertakings to access capital market in order to achieve international competitiveness. It includes removal of tariff barriers for better flow of goods and services between the countries.
The benefits of privatization is/are as follows____________.
-
It reduces the fiscal burden of the state by relieving it of the losses of the SOEs and reducing the size of the bureaucracy
-
Privatization of SOEs enables the government to mop up funds
-
Privatization helps the state to trim the size of the administrative machinery
-
All of above
Privatization refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the role of public sector through disinvestment of public sector and dilution of stake of the government. The benefits of privatization are:
The object of privatization is/are_____________.
-
To reduce the administrative burden on the state
-
To encourage and to facilitate private sector investments
-
To increase the size and dynamism of the private sector
-
All of above
Privatization refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the role of public sector through disinvestment of public sector and dilution of stake of the government. The main objective of privatization is to improve the performance of private sector units and increase its size and dynamism, to encourage investment in the private sector to raise the overall capital formation and to reduce administrative burden on state.
The functions of privatization is/are as follows_____________.
-
Privatization helps accelerate the pace of economic developments as it attracts more resources from the private sector for development
-
It may result in better management of the enterprises
-
Privatization may also encourage entrepreneurship
-
All of above
Privatization refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the role of public sector through disinvestment of public sector and dilution of stake of the government. Privatization results in better economic development due to more resources from private sector, better management due high competition in private sector and encouragement of entrepreneurial skills into the individual.
The following factors are key drivers of globalization.
-
Government action, exchange rates, competition and socio demographic factors
-
Market convergence, competition, exchange rates and cost advantages
-
Cost advantages, government action, economic cycles and competition
-
Market, cost, competition and government policies
Globalization refers to the integration of various economies of the world by removing of strict policies in regard to the import and export of goods and services and foreign direct investments. Globalization involves greater interaction and interdependence among the various nations of the global economy which makes the market very vast. The key drivers of globalization are market, cost, competition and government policies.
Liberalization does not includes_______________.
-
Abolishing industrial licensing requirement in most of the industries
-
Freedom in deciding the scale of business activities
-
Restriction in fixing prices of goods and services
-
Simplifying the procedure for imports and exports.
Liberalization refers to end of licence, quota and many more restrictions and control that were put on many industries. The term basically refers to opening of the economy to the world and providing freedom to the departmental and public sector undertakings to access capital market in order to achieve international competitiveness. It does not provide restrictions in fixing prices of goods and services in the economy.
______ refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions on the smooth functioning of business enterprises.
-
Globalization
-
Privatization
-
Liberalization
-
All of above
Liberalization refers to end of licence, quota and many more restrictions and control that were put on many industries. The term basically refers to opening of the economy to the world and providing freedom to the departmental and public sector undertakings to access capital market in order to achieve international competitiveness.
_________ is concerned with the withdrawal of State from an industry or sector, partially or fully.
-
Liberalization
-
Modernization
-
Privatization
-
Globalization
Privatization refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the role of public sector through disinvestment of public sector and dilution of stake of the government. Privatization results in better economic development due to more resources from private sector, better management due high competition in private sector and encouragement of entrepreneurial skills into the individual.
Early identification of opportunities do not help an enterprise to exploit opportunities.
-
False
-
True
-
Partly true
-
None of above
True.
______ aims at integrating our national economy with that of the world.
-
Globalization
-
Liberalization
-
Privatization
-
Diverstment
Globalization refers to the integration of various economies of the world by removing of strict policies in regard to the import and export of goods and services and foreign direct investments. Globalization involves greater interaction and interdependence among the various nations of the global economy which makes the market very vast.
identification of possible treats helps in taking corrective and improving measures to survive the competition.
-
False
-
True
-
Partly true
-
None of above
Identification of possible treats in the business helps the management to come up with a back up plan that possess taking corrective and improving measures in order to survive in the tough competition.
______ which has become a universal trend,means transfer of ownership and/or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector.
-
Globalization
-
Privatization
-
Liberalization
-
All of above
Privatization refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the role of public sector through disinvestment of public sector and dilution of stake of the government. Privatization results in better economic development due to more resources from private sector, better management due high competition in private sector and encouragement of entrepreneurial skills into the individual.