The vacuole are the membranous vesicular structures in the cells of the living organisms. The vacuoles are involved in the storage of the food materials. The presence of vacuole provides rigidity and shape to the cell with the help of turbulence. The wastes from the cells can be excreted with the help and movement of the vacuoles. The vacuoles are not responsible for locomotion. 

Contractile vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that pump excess water out of the protozoan. When the freshwater protozoan is placed in a marine environment it loses water due to exosmosis as salt concentration is high outside. The contractile vacuole disappears to prevent the loss of water from the organism because in the presence of contractile vacuoles the cell will be dehydrated. 

Chromosomes when attached to spindle fibres are called as spindle chromosomes. These Chromosomes have narrow very lightly coloured centromere or primary constriction. The centromere has a proteinaceous covering called as kinetochore on the two free surface of the centromere complex. The kinetochore has centromere binding proteins.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound storage organelle formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles. It does not have fixed shape and varies according to the need.

A vacuole is the double membrane bound structure. The outermost covering of vacuole is called as tonoplast or vacuolar membrane. The tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

The vacuole is the membrane bound cell organelle and has the main function of osmoregulation. It also stores fluid and solid and hence, maintains rigidity of cell. In some organism vacuole involves in the excretion of wastes. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound organelle filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including. In-plant cells, it is large and centrally located whereas, in animal cells, it is either small or absent. It is also called as storage sac as it stores water, food and waste materials.
So, the correct answer is option C.

Centromere is present in every cell. It is a specific DNA sequence in a chromosome. It is specifically useful in the process of cell division. During mitosis, the spindle fibres attach to the centromeres via kinetochore and all the chromosomes are arranged in an equatoral plane. After this, the chromosomes move towards their respective poles and cell division takes place.

Latex is a miliky, white emulsoin, composed with 30-40% rubber particles, 55-65% water, and small amounts of protein, sterol glycosides, resins, ash, and sugars. Natural rubber latex consists of particles of rubber hydrocarbon and nonrubber substances dispersed in an aqueous serum phase.

Mitochondria produces the energy currency, i.e., ATPs of the cell. Mitochondria take nutrients and convert them into energy molecules. This process is known as 'oxidative phosphorylation'. 
Plastids are present in plant cells, which synthesize and store important chemical compounds used by the cell. 
Golgi apparatus has the main function of modifying, sorting and packaging the proteins, which are synthesized by cells. Golgi bodies are also involved in the transport of lipid molecules across the cell. 

The late prophase or metaphase chromosome has two similar threads or chromatids attached to each other by a narrow non stainable area called as centromere. The two parts of the chromatids on either side of centromere are called as arms. Centromeres bind to spindle fibres and help in movement of chromosomes to opposite poles.

A plant cell is characterised by a single large sap vacuole. They enclose sap or water with dissolved inorganic and organic substances. It is surrounded by a membrane called as tonoplast. Plant cell vacuole maintains osmotic pressure for turgidity and osmosis. They also store useful as well as waste substances. The growth in terms of increase in size depends on the elongation of the cell. For elongation of the cell, the protoplasm needs to push against cell wall from inside. The generation of pushing force depends on the osmotic pressure created by substances stored in central vacuole. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

• The kinetochore is a disc-shaped protein complex associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach.
• It forms on a chromatid during cell division.
• Hence Kinetochore is the protein disc near the centromere.
• So, the correct answer is 'Protein disc near centromere'.

Acentric chromosomes may be lost during cell division. An acentric fragment is a segment of a chromosome that lacks a centromere. Because the centromere is the point of attachment for the mitotic apparatus, acentric fragments are not evenly distributed to the daughter cells in cell division. As a result, one of the daughters will lack the acentric fragment. Lack of the acentric fragment in one of the daughter cells may have deleterious consequences, depending on the function of the DNA in this region of the chromosome

Tonoplast or vacuolar membrane is the living membrane of the vacuole. It separates the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. It helps the vacuole in maintaining the osmoregularity inside the cell.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound organelle mostly found in the plant cell. It is the centrally located large storage bubble in the plant cells and filled with cell sap. They provide osmotic pressure and turgidity to the plant cell. 

'L' shaped chromosomes that appear during anaphase are sub-metacentric. According to the position of the centromere, the metacentric chromosomes are X shaped and due to the unequal length of the arms of the chromosomes, they become L shaped and are called sub-metacentric.

The arm ratio in metacentric condition is 1:1. These are X-shaped chromosomes, with the centromere in the middle, so that, the two arms of the chromosomes are almost equal. A chromosome is metacentric, if its two arms are roughly equal in length. In a normal human karyotype, two chromosomes are considered metacentric: chromosomes 1 and 3. In some cases, a metacentric chromosome is formed by balanced translocation: the fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes to form one metacentric chromosome.

Chromosome with centromere at one end is telocentric. A telocentric chromosome's centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome. Telomeres may extend from both ends of the chromosome. Humans do not possess telocentric chromosomes.

A chromosome present in addition to the normal chromosome complement is called as a supernumerary chromosome, also known as accessory chromosome. These chromosome does not produce any detectable phenotypic expression in an organism. These chromosomes are not essential for the life of a species, and are lacking in some (usually most) of the individuals. Thus a population would consist of individuals with 0, 1, 2, 3 (etc.) supernumeraries.

The rod-like chromosomes which have the centromere on the proximal end are known as the telocentric chromosomes. Humans do not possess telocentric chromosomes but they are found in other species such as mice. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Vacuoles are storage bubbles found mostly in plant cells. These are used for storage of food or water. The vacuolar membrane is a single layered and is called as tonoplast. Osmotic pressure and turgidity is maintained by vacuoles. They store toxic metabolic by-products or end products of plant cells. Such vacuoles are thrown out of the cell by exocytosis. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

A chromosome with the median centromere and two equal arms are called as metacentric chromosomes. The presence of centromere at the terminal end makes telocentric chromosome. Acentric chromosomes lack centromere and therefore have a single arm. The presence of centromere in diffused state makes the polycentric chromosomes as if they have multiple centromeres Thus, the correct answer is option A.

In a plant cell, the vacuoles are large and centrally placed organelle. Vacuoles typically contain salts, sugars and sometimes proteins and have a variety of secretory, excretory and storage functions. The vacuole may also be involved in the breakdown of old organelles or macromolecules and then recycling the products back to the rest of the cell. Thus, they are in large number in a cell adapted for waste storage and disposal.
So, the correct answer is option A.

• The cell sap is a non-living content of the vacuole. Cell sap is the fluid manufactured by the cytoplasm of the living plant cell.
•  Cell sap consists of water and various substances that are often in the form of a colloidal suspension. 
• On average, cell sap has twice the viscosity of water. 
• The cell sap contributes to the osmotic properties and turgor of the cell, and consequently, to the elasticity of plant tissues and organs. 

The vacuole is a membrane-enclosed fluid-filled sac found in plant cells that occupies a major part of the cell volume. It gives rigidity to the cell and hence to the plant by using water to develop a pressure called hydrostatic pressure. It stores nutrient and non-nutrients such as pigments and mineral ions. It also stores the cellular metabolic waste. Thus the correct answer is option C.

The kinetochore is a protein complex assembled at each centromere. It acts as an attachment site for spindle microtubules for chromosomal movement to the opposite poles. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Vacuole is the characteristic feature of plant cell while absent in animal cell. The liquid substance present in the vacuole is called cell sap. The cell sap is mainly composed of water, sugar, salt, pigment- anthocyanin. Vacuole functions as store house for secretory and excretory substances. Thus option B is the correct answer.

• The function and significance of vacuoles vary greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present.
• In general, the functions of the vacuole include- Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell. Containing waste products. 
• Containing water in plant cells. Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell. Maintaining an acidic internal pH. 
• Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole etc.
  
  Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

The contractile vacuoles are the structures which are present in the cells of the lower organisms. The vacuole plays an important role in excretion and osmoregulation. The wastes like the ammonia can be excreted through the vacuoles. The water and the other salts are also removed through this vacuoles in order to maintain the osmotic balance. 

• Colour of rose petals is due to water-soluble pigment present in the vacuoles.
  
• The plant vacuoles consist of various water-soluble pigments such as carotenoids, anthocyanins and xanthophylls etc.
• Anthocyanins are also water-soluble pigments which are red, purple, or blue in colour depending on the pH (blueberry, raspberry etc).
  
• The colour of flower petals (red, pink, blue and purple) is mainly from the pigments called anthocyanins.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Vacuoles'.

• Cell sap (fluid inside the vacuole of a plant cell which serves as storage of materials) occurs in the vacuole.
  
• A vacuole is a membrane-bound (tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
  
• It stores food and variety of nutrients required by the cell to survive and also store waste products which protect the cell from getting contaminated.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Vacuole'.

A. Acentric chromosome lacks a centromere as the centromere is the point of attachment for the spindle fibres.

• Metacentric chromosomes are X-shaped chromosomes and the centromere are present in the centre so that the two arms are equal.
  
• During anaphase, these chromosomes appear V-shaped as the chromosomes split and the daughter chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cell.
• So, the correct answer is 'V-shaped'.

• The plant vacuoles consist of various water-soluble pigments such as carotenoids, anthocyanins and xanthophylls etc.
  
• Anthocyanins are also water-soluble pigments which are red, purple, or blue in colour depending on the pH which gives colour to the flower and fruits (blueberry, raspberry etc).
• So, the correct answer is 'Vacuoles'.

A. An acrocentric chromosome is a  chromosome in which the centromere is located near to one end of the chromosome. 

A. An acrocentric chromosome is a  chromosome in which the centromere is located near to one end of the chromosome. 

• A submetacentric chromosome is a chromosome in which the centromere is located near the slightly away from the centre and the two arms are slightly unequal in length and form L-shape. 
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Submetacentric'.

• A contractile vacuole is a sub-cellular organelle found in few protozoans.
  
• It is a specialized vacuole which helps in regulating the quantity of water inside cell (osmoregulation- maintaining constant osmotic pressure of the fluids of an organism).
• It is a part of the protective mechanism which prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and also prevents the rupturing of the cell created due to excessive internal pressure.
• It also expels out the waste material (ammonia collected from the intercellular fluid) to the cell exterior.
• So, the correct answer is 'Both B and C'.

• A cell vacuole is a membrane-bound (tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
• They contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down the macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids etc.).
  
• Anthocyanin is stored in the vacuoles (flowers and fruits).
• It does not possess its own DNA as the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
• So, the correct answer is 'DNA'.

• Metacentric chromosomes are X-shaped chromosomes and the centromere are present in the centre so that the two arms are equal.
•  A telocentric chromosome is a chromosome in which the centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome and their shape is similar to the letter i.
• So, the correct answer is 'Metacentric and telocentric'.

• A vacuole is a membrane-bound (tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
• Sap vacuoles store food and variety of nutrients required by the cell to survive.
• So, the correct answer is 'Sap'.

• A vacuole is a membrane-bound (tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
  
• Cell sap refers to the fluid inside the vacuole of a plant cell which serves as storage of materials.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Cell sap'.

• Chromosome having terminal centromere capped by telomere is Acrocentric.
  
• An acrocentric chromosome is a  chromosome in which the centromere is located near to one end of the chromosome. 
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Acrocentric'.

i) Metacentric chromosomes are X-shaped chromosomes and the centromere are present in the centre so that the two arms are equal.

1) Metacentric chromosomes have the centromere in the center, such that both sections are of equal length. Human chromosome 1 and 3 are metacentric.

A chromosome consists of two identical halves, the chomatids which are held together at one point. This point is known as centromere. The centromere appears as a narrow region called primary constriction, of the chromosome. On the sides of centromere, disc shaped structures are present known as kinetochores.
Depending on the position of centromere, chromosomes can be classified into four types:

• Metacentric
  
• Sub-metacentric
• Acrocentric
• Telocentric

We group chromosomes into 7 groups, based on their size (how long they are), and the position of their centromeres (the narrow part that separates the two arms from one another). Some chromosomes have their centromeres at or near the middle, some have them somewhere between the middle and the end, and some have centrosomes at the very end of the chromosomes.

So, the answer is 'Toxins - Anthocyanins'.

In submetacentric type of chromosome, the centromere lies at some distance away from the midpoint, dividing the chromosomes into two unequal arms.

The lysosomes may be called "suicide bags" of the cell in view of their autolytic role, or "disposal units" of the cell because they digest the incoming food materials and remove the foreign bodies, toxic molecules, and debris; or "recycling centres" as they break down warn out and defective cells and cell organelles to component molecules for building new organelles and cells.

metacentric chromosome - has centromere in the center with arms of identical length on either sides (p=q) telocentric chromosome: has centromere at terminal end, one single arm, not distinguished as p and q sub metacentric chromosome: centromere slightly away from the centre, forming two unequal arms - p -shorter and q-longer acrocentric chromosome : centromere farther away from the center, closer to the terminal end. forms unequal arms, p-much shorter, q- quite longer. So, the correct answer is 'Metacentric−(i),Submetacentric−(iv),Acrocentric−(iii),Telocentric−(ii)'

Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes which have thousands of DNA strands. They provide a high level of function in certain tissues such as salivary glands of Drosophila.

Chromoplast and chloroplast are types of plastics containing pigments while leucoplasts do not contain pigments. That is why leucoplasts are colourless. Also, many pigments (e.g., anthocyanins) are localized in the vacuoles of epidermal cells from flowers, leaves, and stems.

• A vacuole is a membrane-bound 9tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
• It stores food and variety of nutrients required by the cell to survive and also store waste products which protect the cell from getting contaminated.
• So, the correct answer is 'Water and dissolved substances'.

Vacuolar membrane is a membrane surrounding the vacuole. It is also called as tonoplast. Like, cell membrane, it is semipermeable in nature. Therefore, option B is correct. 

Beet root is coloured because of the presence of anthocyanin in vacuoles .Anthocyanin is the water soluble vacuolar pigments ,they contain red colour in roots of the caryophyllales [including cactus, beet and amaranth ]these roots are contain red in colour.But otherwise anthocyanin in chloroplast and chromoplast have roots green in colour.Carotenoid of chloroplast contain orange colour pigments and they are found in carrots
So the correct option is B

A large central vacuole of a plant cell that stores water with inorganic and organic substance like sugar, salts and some pigments are the non-living fluid. It provides turgidity and osmolarity to the cell.

The chromosomes were named according to the position of the centromeres. This is expressed in the ratio “long arm to short arm”. Here the following terms are used: metacentric (arm ratio 1.0–1.7), submetacentric (ratio 1.7–3.0), subtelocentric (ratio 3.0–7.0), acrocentric (ratio more than 7.0), and telocentric (chromosome with only one arm).

1 Micrometer (µm) is equal to 0.001 millimeter (mm). To convert micrometers to millimeters, multiply the micrometer value by 0.001 or divide by 1000.

The objective with a low number will have the widest field.

One of the two morphological forms of a mitochondrion is 'condensed' form observed in mitochondria with high respiratory rates (ATP formation is high with increased rates of Kreb's cycle, ETS, and oxidative phosphorylation). In this type of confirmation, the matrix volume inside inner membrane is not very large causing the inner membrane to move away from outer membrane causing the intermembrane space to swell except at the site of where two are connected. Thus considering all the details about this form of the mitochondrion.

Plant cell vacuoles contain water and metabolic wastes. They are widely diverse in form, size, content and functional dynamics and a single cell may contain more than one kind of vacuole. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

• A plant cell is characterized by a single large sap vacuole. They enclose sap or water or vacuolar fluid with dissolved inorganic and organic substances. It is surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast. 
• Plant cell vacuole maintains osmotic pressure for turgidity and osmosis. They also store useful as well as waste orgastic substances. Plant vacuole along with the cell inclusions is the non-living component of the cell.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound organelle and perform various functions according to the type of cell in which they are present. Vacuoles are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. The organelle has no basic shape or size, its structure varies according to the needs of the cell. 

A plant cell is characterised by a single large sap vacuole. They enclose sap or water with dissolved inorganic and organic substances. It is surrounded by a membrane called as tonoplast. Plant cell vacuole maintains osmotic pressure for turgidity and osmosis. They also store useful as well as waste substances. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The plant cell usually has a single large centrally located vacuole. The tonoplast is a special term for the membrane found around plant cell vacuole. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound storage bubbles found in cells. They are large and centrally located in plant cell whereas in animal cells either they are too small or absent .They can store food materials, waste products, water etc.

• A telocentric chromosome, the centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome. 
• A telocentric chromosome has therefore only one arm.
• Telomeres may extend from both ends of the chromosome, their shape is similar to letter I during anaphase. 
• Hence, In the chromosome in which the centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome is Telocentric.
• So, the correct answer is 'Telocentric'.

Acentric chromosome may lost during cell division as centromere is absent in them. During metaphase and anaphase spindle fibres are not attached with them and so they are not able to reach to the poles.