A farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest to create a field is known as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture.  The resulting layer of ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich layer to help fertilize crops. It is a method of agriculture which is mainly used by tribal communities for subsistence farming. ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture is mostly practiced in central Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia. ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture is known as Milpa in Mexico.

Manioc(or popularly known as Cassava) is grown in tropical climates in Amazon basin in South America and tropical areas of Africa. It has edible roots and they give the third highest yield of carbohydrates per cultivated area.

Manioc(or popularly known as Cassava) is grown in tropical climates in South America and Africa. It has edible roots and they give the third highest yield of carbohydrates per cultivated area.

Merino is a very famous sheep from Spain but now domesticated in Australia. It is known for its soft and high quality wool

The Canary current is a cold current, flows along the western coast of North Africa between Madeira and Cape Verde. This current is the continuation of North Atlantic Drift which turns southward and affects Spain and Portugal and flows to the south along the coast of Canaries Island.

• Sirocco is a Mediterranean wind that comes from  the Sahara and can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa  and  Southern Europe especially during the summer season..
  
• The Sirocco causes dusty dry conditions along the northern coast of Africa, storms in the Mediterranean Sea, and cool wet weather in Europe. 
  
• The term Sirocco  is a name given to hot and subsequently humid southeast to southwest winds originating as hot, dry desert-air over Northern Africa, flowing northward into the southern Mediterranean basin.
  

The temperate grasslands of south-eastern Europe are known as steppes. The temperate grassland region is characterized by warm and dry summer and cold winter. Various parts of the steppes have been cleaned and brought under cultivation. Soils of the steppes are generally deficit in humus but contain calcium, which is especially suitable for grain crops. In this grasslands, cattle and sheep are rared for milk, meat, skin, and wool.

sirocco is a hot wind, often dusty or rainy, blowing South, from North Africa across the Mediterranean to southern Europe. mistral is a cold northwesterly wind usually strong, that blows through the southern France into the Mediterranean, mainly in winter.

Oceanic climate

Reindeer,

The Arctic type of climate is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. The Arctic type of climate in Europe is also called as Tundra because Tundra region has the same type of climate as Arctic. The northern part of the continents within the polar region is known as the Tundra region. Tundra regions are found in the northern and southern hemispheres between the ice-covered poles and the coniferous forests.

Coniferous forest region,

Mediterranean type of climate,

River rhone valley,

Prairies-Temperate grasslands of North America

1. Pigmy is an ethnic group in Central Africa. They follow shifting cultivation.
   
2. Eskimos are the indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the northern circumpolar region of Russia, United States, Canada and Greenland. Their main occupation is rearing of livestock which is pastoralism.
   
3. Kyrgyz is a Turkic ethnic group that lives primarily in Kyrgyzstan. These are hunters and food gatherers.
   
4. Rengma is a Naga tribe found in Nagaland and Assam states of India. The people of this tribe are hunters.
   

Vatican city,

Usually the countries considered to be Central European are Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland; in the broader sense Romania too, occasionally also Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

Belgium,

The English Channel is a part of the Atlantic Ocean, and it separates the island of Britain (part of the UK) from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.

Large estates known as Haciendas are present in Greece.

Moscow is the capital city of Russia. It is the most populous city of Russia. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city. It is the largest city of the entire European continent. Moscow is situated on the banks of Moskva River in the Central Federal District of Russia. This city is famous for its architecture, especially its historic buildings. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe.

Kiel is a shipping canal between the North Sea and Baltic Sea. It is basically a freshwater canal and it is 98 km long. Its starting point is North sea and an endpoint is Baltic sea. By using the Kiel canal one can save 460 km distance and at the same time also can avoid storm-prone areas.

The Balkans included regions like Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Romania-neither Poland, Russia nor Slovakia.

Lapland is a group of countries located in northeastern Europe. It lies within Arctic Circle extending from Norwegian sea to the White Sea. The countries in Lapland are Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola peninsula of Russia. 

Along with big countries, there are many small independent states, and some are so tiny that are called microstates. The smallest one of them is the Vatican City. It occupies the smallest area in the world. Its total area is 0.44 square kilometres. It actually occupies only an old quarter with a few buildings and parks in the center of Rome (Italy). It is the most unusual country with own government, army, diplomatic missions, but without permanent native population.

Mount Elbrus is the highest peak in European continent. It has two summits elevation of one is 5,642 meters and another one is 5,621 meters. It is located in the southern part of Russia. Both the summits are dormant volcanoes.

State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Europe. Answer: Europe lies between the latitudes 35°N to 72°N and the longitudes 25°W to 65°E.

Higher education,

Muscovite is the name given to the people of Moscow. They are the inhabitants of Moscow.

 Moscow (Russia) – 12.19 million inhabitants

Belgium is a small country in Europe. The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex. The capital of Belgium is Brussels. In the capital city Brussels, 80 percent of people speak French while 20 percent are Dutch-speaking.

Scandinavia, historically Scandia, part of northern Europe, generally held to consist of the two countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway, and Sweden, with the addition of Denmark. Some authorities argue for the inclusion of Finland on geologic and economic grounds and of Iceland and the Faroe Islands on the grounds that their inhabitants speak North Germanic (or Scandinavian) languages related to those of Norway and Sweden.

Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent. Most definitions of Southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include Spain, Italy, Malta, Corsica, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania,Vatican, Gibraltar, Andorra, Slovenia, East Thrace of European Turkey and Cyprus.

Valletta, The Fortress City, Citta' Umilissima, "a city built by gentlemen for gentlemen" is Malta's capital city: a living, working city, the administrative and commercial heart of the Islands. Valletta is named after its founder, the respected Grand Master of the Order of St. John, Jean Parisot de la Valette.

Luxembourg  also known as Luxembourg City (Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg or d'Stad, French: Ville de Luxembourg, German: Stadt Luxemburg, Luxemburg-Stadt), is the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (also named "Luxembourg"), and the country's most populous commune. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg, the city lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated 213 km (132 mi) by road from Brussels, 372 km (231 mi) from Paris, and 209 km (130 mi) from Cologne. The city contains Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.

Low Countries, also called Benelux countries, coastal region of northwestern Europe, consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. These are together known as the Benelux countries, from the initial letters of their names. The Low Countries are bordered by Germany to the east and France to the south. In 1947 the three nations formed the Benelux Customs Union, which broadened over the years into what a 1960 treaty confirmed as the Benelux Economic Union.

New York is in the North American continent, whereas Moscow, London, Berlin are in Europe.

Paris is regarded as the world's fashion capital, and spread throughout the city are many fashion boutiques. Most of the major French fashion brands, such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Lacroix, are currently headquartered here.

• During the Middle Ages, Oslo reached its heights in the reign of Haakon V of Norway. He started building Akershus Fortress and was also the first king to reside permanently in the city, which helped to make Oslo the capital of Norway
• Copenhagen is the capital and most populous city of Denmark
• Beirut is the capital and largest city of Lebanon
• Guangzhou  also known as Canton and formerly romanized as Kwangchow or Kwong Chow, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China.

The Strait of Gibraltar  is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa.

Alpine system is the highest and extensive system in europe.

Danube is second longest river after Volga. It rises in Black forest mountain of Germany and passes through nine countries - Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. 

Volcanoes,

Any piece of sub-continental which is surrounded by water is known as island. Greenland is the largest island in the world.  It covers a distance of 2,175,597 square kilometers. It is situated in far northeast of North America. It is a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the least densely populated country in the world. Its closest neighbouring countries are Iceland to the South-East, Canada to the West and Svalbard in Norway to the North-East.

The Suez Canal is a sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it was officially opened on 17 November 1869

Rhine is a European river. It originates from the Swiss canton of Graubunden in the south-eastern Swiss Alps. It flows through the Rhineland and empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe.  Spree is a river that flows through the Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin states of German. These two rivers meet in Europe at Lyon.

A natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle in which the sun remains visible at the local midnight is known as the midnight sun. This happens on 21 June in northern hemisphere and on 22 December in southern hemisphere. Norway is called the Land of the Midnight Sun because the sun never dips entirely below the horizon between late May and late July.

The sea is considered an internal sea of Russia and Ukraine, and its use is governed by an agreement between these countries ratified in 2003. ... The Sea of Azov is an internal sea with passage to the Atlantic Ocean going through the Black, Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas.

River Garonne and River Loire,

North sea,

Fjords,

The Central European Plains extends from Atlantic ocean in the West to Ural mountains in the East, these plains are lush green with scattered low hills and the valleys of River Don, Dnieper, Volga, Ural, and Po.

The Central European pains,

The North-West highlands include the plateaus and mountain systems of Norway and Sweden extending up to Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

Plateau,

Crystalline rock, any rock composed entirely of crystallized minerals without glassy matter. Intrusive igneous rocks—those that congeal at depth—are virtually always crystalline, whereas extrusive igneous rocks, or volcanic rocks, may be partly to entirely glassy. Many factors influence the ability of a magma to crystallize, but the length of time during which cooling occurs is the controlling factor. Metamorphic rocks are almost always crystalline; the term crystalline schists has been applied to indicate all rocks of metamorphic origin, and thus the term crystalline rocks may be taken to mean an igneous origin. Sedimentary rocks can also be crystalline, such as the crystalline limestones precipitated directly from solution; the term is not generally applied to the clastic sediments, even though they are formed largely from the accumulation of crystalline materials.

France and Spain,

London is located on the bank of the river Thames. London is the capital and most popoular city of England. It was founded by the Romans who named it Londinium.