Communicable diseases - class-VIII
Description: communicable diseases | |
Number of Questions: 89 | |
Created by: Vinaya Modi | |
Tags: communicable diseases health and diseases biology evs diseases and immunity evs - i infectious diseases and how to prevent them |
Epidemiological triad refers to _____________________.
-
Host, disease and environment
-
Host, agent and environment
-
Host, agent and disease
-
Agent, disease and environment
Among many epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for an infectious disease (The triad ) consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment. So, the correct option B ( Host, agent, and environment )
The granulocyte to arrive first at the site of an infection is
-
Neutrophile
-
Eosinophil
-
Basophil
-
All of these
Neutrophils. The first immune cells that arrive at an injured site are mostly neutrophils, which are quick-response immune cells that recognize and destroy bacteria.
Which is an infectious disease?
-
Coronary thrombosis
-
HIV
-
Diabetes mellitus
-
Diptheria
Infectious diseases are those diseases which are caused by microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, virus, parasites. HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). It is a sexually transmitted disease. Diphtheria is caused by bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria. It affects the mucous membrane of throat and upper respiratory tract. Coronary thrombosis is a disease that results due to accumulation of blood clot on the walls of arteries. Diabetes mellitus is a disease that results due to insufficient production of insulin in the body.
At the time of birth presence of which antibody indicates the infection of foetus?(Intrauterine infection)
-
IgG
-
IgD
-
IgM
-
IgA
Which of the following disease is caused by a proteinaceous infectious agent?
-
Potato spindle tuber disease
-
Spongiform encephalopathy
-
Red rust of tea
-
White rust of members of cruciferae
The limitations that are normally confronted while treating an infectious disease is/are
-
Body functions are impaired and may never recover completely
-
The patient is confined to bed for some time
-
Infected person serves as a potential source of spread of infectious disease to other persons
-
All of the above
The limitations that are confronted while treating an infectious disease are that the impaired body functions happened due to the infection cannot recover completely, the patient is asked to have complete bed rest and infectious disease can spread from one person to another as it a contentious disease.
Which of the following symptoms indicate red sickness ?
-
Red and ulcerated skin
-
Nausea and anaemia
-
Nausea and loss of hair
-
Ulcerated skin, nausea and loss of hair
Pellagra or red sickness is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by chronic lack of Vitamin B3 in the diet. It can also be caused by the decreased intake of niacin or tryptophan. Described as three D's diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia, this is indicated by symptoms such as dermatitis, alopecia or hair loss, edema or swelling, red skin lesions, weakness and mental confusion.
Which one of the following groups of diseases spreads through mosquito bites among humans?
-
Dengue fever, Viral encephalitis, Yellow fever
-
Malaria, Filariasis, Poliomyelitis
-
Filariasis, Malaria, Ascariasis
-
Ancylostomiasis, Ringworm, Dengue fever
Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illness are disease caused by bacterial, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. They can transmit disease without being affected themselves. Mosquito vectored diseases include protozoan diseases, i.e., malaria, filarial diseases, and viruses such as dengue, encephalitis and yellow fever.
Which of the following spreads through blood transfusion?
-
Hepatitis
-
Measles
-
AIDS
-
Polio
-
Both A and C
Influenza, chicken pox, measles are spread by
-
Vectors
-
Viruses
-
Skin-to-skin contact
-
Droplet infection
- Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (commonly known as chickenpox), influenza are the chronic diseases of a virus.
- These can be prevented from spreading by using vaccines. This vaccine works by prior exposure of a small dose of the virus or a protein from the virus, which activates the immune response.
A disease spread indirectly through a vector is
-
Sleeping sickness
-
Malaria
-
Kala-azar
-
All of the above
How does an infection get transmitted ?
-
Person to person
-
From animals
-
From food
-
All of the above
Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals. And others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.
Diseases that are transmitted through insect vectors are
-
Leprosy, Plague, Elephantiasis
-
Malaria, Filariasis, Gambia fever
-
Plague, Measles, Mumps
-
Malaria, Cholera, Typhoid
Vector borne diseases are illnesses caused by an infectious microbe that is transmitted to vertebrates by another animal, usually an arthropod. This second animal is called a vector for the disease. There are a large number of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases that can be transmitted by insect vectors. The most common vectors are blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice, biting flies, bugs, lice, helminths and ticks. Most common vector borne diseases affecting people and their vectors are: malaria -anopheles mosquitoes, dengue and chikungunya - aedes mosquitoes, Leishmaniasis (kala azar) - sandflies, trypanosomiasis (gambia fever) - flies and bugs, filariasis - mosquitoes, encephalitis - mosquitoes and ticks, yellow fever - mosquito, plague - flies, lyme disease - ticks etc.
Select the incorrect statement.
-
Disease literally means distributed ease.
-
The phenomenon of growth, multiplication and establishment of an infections agent in host cells is known as infection.
-
The parasite which causes the disease in an individual is called as host.
-
Epidemology is the science that deals with occurrence, distribution and control of a disease.
Pathogen is an infectious agent such as a virus, bacterium, prion, fungus, viriod or parasite that causes disease in its host. The host may be an animal, a plant, a fungus, or even another microorganism.
A person had snacks from a street vendor, also drank water. He was later diagnosed with an infection. What was the mode of transmission of the disease?
-
Both (b) and (c)
-
Contaminated water
-
Contamination through the vendor if he is infected
-
Coughing of the healthy person standing next to him
Food prepared in unhygienic conditions can lead to diseases. Use of contaminated water, dirty utensils, not washing raw materials before cooking, inappropriate cooking practices are all source of contamination and can result in infection. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
Infectious agents are also known as _________
-
Pathogens
-
Transmitters
-
Carriers
-
All of the above
Pathogen is the term used to describe an infectious agent that causes disease in the host. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
Which of the following are carriers of infectious agents ?
-
Air
-
Water
-
Soil
-
All of the above
Air, water and soil are carriers of infectious organisms. Soil can cause contamination of plants and infect them and hence, the human. Air is the most common carriers of pathogens around us. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.
How is infection transferred from one human to another ?
-
Coughing or sneezing
-
Both A and C
-
Through contaminated hands
-
Through soil
There are numerous ways through which infections can be transmitted. Coughing by the infected person can cause transfer as the organisms coming out are inhaled by the healthy person. No use of proper sanitization can also cause transmission of diseases. Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.
What is latent infection?
-
Does not show signs and symptoms at first
-
It can be treated at the earliest
-
Shows signs and symptoms at the earliest
-
Both B and C
Latent infection is one which do not show any signs or symptoms at first but can naturally develop over time. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
Which of the following groups of the disease, the causative microorganism and disease symptom is/are true?
-
Malaria - Protozoan - Fever and chill
-
Hepatitis-B - Virus - Swollen liver
-
Cholera - Bacteria - Vomiting and diarrhoea
-
All of the above
Match the following diseases in column-I with their pathogens in column-II.
Column-I | Column-II | ||
---|---|---|---|
a. | Measles | 1. | Protozoa |
b. | Cholera | 2. | Virus |
c. | Kalaazar | 3. | Bacteria |
-
a-1, b-3, c-2
-
a-1, b-2, c-3
-
a-2 ,b-1, c-3
-
a-2, b-3, c-1
Measles is caused by the type of paramyxovirus known as rubella virus.
Hemorrhagic Septicaemia is also known as ___________.
-
Pasturellosis
-
Shipping fever
-
Ghatsurp
-
All of the above
Explanation: It is an actual infectious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat. It distances transportation. In India, the disease is enzootic in nature. Etiology environmental conditions, malnutrition and long distance transportation. In India, the disease is enzootic in nature.
Diseases that spread by vectors, such as mosquitoes, are
-
Encephalitis and Malaria.
-
Syphilis and AIDS.
-
Tuberculosis and Sleeping sickness.
-
Kala-azar and SARS.
Encephalitis is the disorder in which there is inflammation of the meninges of the brain. This disease may be caused due to bacterial or viral infection and is transmitted by the vector which is the Culex mosquito. Malaria is a disorder which is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium vivax. The disease is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.
Which disease is spread by Housefly?
-
Dengue fever
-
Encephalitis
-
Filariasis
-
Gangrene.
$\rightarrow $ Gangrene.
Vectors are
-
Physalia, Musca domestica and Anopheles
-
Amoeba Physalia and Musca
-
Anopheles, Musca and Culex
-
All the above.
- A disease vector is an agent who carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.
- Female Anopheles mosquito serves as vector for malaria.
- Musa(house fly)serves as a vector for at least 65 diseases to humans, including typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, poliomyelitis, yaws, anthrax, tularemia, leprosy, and tuberculosis.
- Culex mosquito serves as a vector for arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis.
- Hence Vectors are Anopheles, Musca, and Culex.
- So, the correct answer is 'Anopheles, Musca, and Culex'.
Droplet infection is a mode of
-
Direct transmission
-
Indirect transmission
-
Pathogen spread through mosquitoes
-
Fomite transmission
Droplet infection is an infection transmitted from one individual to another by droplets of moisture expelled from the upper respiratory tract through sneezing or coughing. Direct transmission occurs when there is physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person. Droplet infection is a mode of direct transmission in which the infection is transmitted by coughing, sneezing.
Out of pneumonia, gangrene, yellow fever, dengue fever, malaria and elephantiasis, mosquitoes transmit diseases
-
6
-
4
-
3
-
2.
- Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include: malaria, dengue,Yellow fever,Elephantiasis West Nile virus, chikungunya, filariasis, tularemia, dirofilariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River fever, Barmah Forest fever, La Crosse encephalitis, and Zika fever,as well as newly detected Keystone virus and Rift Valley fever.
- Out of pneumonia, gangrene, yellow fever, dengue fever, malaria and elephantiasis, mosquitoes transmit 4 diseases they are Yellow fever, dengue, malaria, and elephantiasis.
- So, the correct answer is '4'.
Vector insects are which
-
Spread disease
-
Destroy crop
-
Spoil soil
-
Act as scavengers.
- A disease vector is an agent who carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.
- Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria that are spread by insects like mosquitoes, sandflies, triatomine bugs, black flies, ticks, tsetse flies, mites, snails and lice. For example, Female Anopheles mosquito is a vector for malaria.
- Hence Vector insects are which spread disease.
- So, the correct answer is 'Spread disease'.
A disease spread indirectly through a vector is
-
Sleeping sickness
-
Malaria
-
Kala-azar
-
All of the above
- African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly which acts as a vector.
- Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by Plasmodium species. The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito which acts as a vector.
- Kala-azar is a disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to genus Leishmania. The disease is transmitted by insects which act as vectors such as sand fly.
A biological agent of the disease is
-
Vitamin deficiency
-
Virus
-
Spores
-
Carbohydrate deficiency
Biological agents which cause disease are known as pathogens that are the micro-organisms which when successfully infect the human body, multiply and produce toxins in incubation period which interfere with the normal functioning of the body and cause disease. A virus is a small, infectious, biological agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
Which of the following human parasites require mosquito to complete their life cycle?
-
Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti
-
Ascaris lumbricoides and Leishmania donovani
-
Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium ovale
-
Plasmodium ovale and Wuchereria bancrofti
- Malaria is caused by a one-celled parasite called a Plasmodium. Female Anopheles mosquitoes pick up the parasite from infected people when they bite to obtain blood needed to nurture their eggs. Inside the mosquito, the parasites reproduce and develop.
- In Filariasis, mosquitoes can transmit the parasite, depending on the geographic area. In Africa, the most common vector is Anopheles. During a meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the wound.
- Hence, Plasmodium ovale and Wuchereria bancrofti human parasites require mosquito to complete their life cycle.
- So, the correct answer is 'Plasmodium ovale and Wuchereria bancrofti'
A fomite method of transmission of disease is through
-
Food
-
Door handles
-
Mosquitoes
-
Soil
A fomite is any nonliving object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms, such as viruses or bacteria, and hence transferring them from one individual to another. Fomites are associated particularly with hospital-acquired infections, as they are possible routes to pass pathogens between patients. Researchers have discovered that smooth (non-porous) surfaces like doorknobs transmit bacteria and viruses better than porous materials like paper money.
A droplet infection is
-
Tetanus
-
Pneumonia
-
Syphilis
-
Typhoid
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms include some combination of a productive or a dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Pneumonia may spread via airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases.
Which is not a contact poison?
-
DDT
-
BHC
-
Endrin
-
Lead arsenate
Which of the following is not spread by droplet method?
-
Measles
-
Diphtheria
-
Pertussis
-
Gonorrhoea
- Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus. Symptoms include fever, often greater than 40 °C, cough, runny nose, and inflamed eyes. Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of infected people.
- Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Symptoms include a sore throat and fever. In severe cases, a grey or white patch develops in the throat. Diphtheria is usually spread between people by direct contact or through the air (droplet).
- Pertussis, commonly known as a Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial disease. Symptoms include a runny nose, fever, and cough. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.
- Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Symptoms include burning with urination, discharge from the penis, or testicular pain. Women may have burning with urination, vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, or pelvic pain. Hence, it is not transmitted by droplets.
Assertion : Pork should be properly cooked to avoid Taenia infection.
Reason : Pork of pig contains Hexacanth and cysticerci larvae.
-
If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
-
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
-
If assertion is true but reason is false.
-
If the assertion and reason both are false.
-
If assertion is false but reason is true.
Which is correctly matched
-
Typhoid , Salmonella typhi, With inspired air
-
Pneumonia ,Streptococcus pnemoniae,Drpolet infection
-
Elephantiasis,Wuchereria bancrofti,Contaminated water and food
-
Malaria,Plasmodium vivax,bite of male Anopheles
- Droplet infection is an infection transmitted from one individual to another by droplets of moisture expelled from the upper respiratory tract through sneezing or coughing.
- Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Symptoms include a cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills and difficulty breathing.
- The bacteria that are commonly found in the nose or throat, can infect the lungs if they are inhaled. They may also spread via airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze.
- So, the correct answer is '.Pneumonia ,Streptococcus pnemoniae,Droplet infection'.
Vectors can be defined as
-
Organisms carrying the infectious agents from a sick person to a healthy person
-
Microorganisms which can cause many diseases
-
Infected person
-
Diseased plants
Vectors are the organisms, which carries the infectious agents from sick person to another healthy person. For example, mosquito carries malarial parasite from infected person to healthy person. Therefore, option A is correct.
Which of the following diseases does not require use of antibiotics?
-
Diptheria
-
Polio
-
Hepatitis
-
Malaria
The vector of Kluchereria bancrofti is
-
Aedes
-
Culex
-
Anopheles
-
Pediculus
Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic roundworm that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. W. bancrofti carries out its lifecycle in two hosts. Humans serve as the definitive host and mosquitos as the intermediate host or vector. The microfilariae are transferred into a vector i.e., female Culex mosquito. Hence, female Culex act as a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.
Which of the following infections is transmitted chiefly from person to person
-
Viral encephalitis
-
Meningococcal meningitis
-
Eastern equine encephalitis
-
All the above
- Meningitis is the Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection.
- If the meningitis is caused by bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, it is called as Meningococcal meningitis.
- Symptoms include pain in sudden high fever, severe persistent headache, neck stiffness, nausea or vomiting, joint pains, drowsiness, confusion, etc.
- People spread meningococcal bacteria to other people by sharing respiratory and throat secretions (saliva or spit) when they cough or sneezes.
- Hence Meningococcal meningitis infection is transmitted chiefly from person to person.
- So, the correct answer is 'Meningococcal meningitis.
When children play bare-footed in pools of dirty water and flood water, they may suffer from
-
Leptospirosis and bilharzia
-
Malaria, amoebic dysentery and leptospirosis
-
Bilharzia, infective hepatitis and diarrhoea
-
Guineaworm infection, elephantiasis and amoebic dysentery
When children play barefoot in pools of dirty water and flood water, they may suffer from Leptospirosis and bilharzia.
- Leptospirosis occurs due to a bacteria of the genus Leptospira and can occur through direct contact with urine from infected animals or through water, soil or food contaminated with their urine, this can happen on swimming or wading in fresh unchlorinated water contaminated with animal urine or by coming into contact with wet soil or plants contaminated with animal urine.
- Bilharzia is caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes and is transmitted by snails that carry the parasite. It occurs when ponds, streams and irrigation canals harbour bilharzia-transmitting snails, where the parasites may penetrate the human skin to enter the bloodstream and migrate to the liver, intestines and other organs.
In which one of the following cases can you catch the infection if you come in contact with an infected person?
-
Blood cancer
-
High blood pressure
-
Diabetes
-
Sneezing
Disease causing microbes can spread through the air. This occurs through the little droplets thrown out by an infected person who sheezes or coughs. Another person standing close by can breathe in these droplets and the microbes infect him also. Diseases which spread like this are common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Choose the correct match:
-
First line defence - Fever
-
Second line defence - CMI
-
Third line defence - AMI
-
Fourth line defence - pH of vagina
The first line of defence | It includes the physical and chemical barriers, that defend the body from infection. e.g. tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, fever. |
---|---|
The second line of defence | It is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body from infections. It mainly occurs through macrophages, neutrophils, interferons. |
Third line of defence | It occurs through the specific immune system. e.g. B- cells (antibodies) and T- cells |
Fourth line of defence | There are only three line defence in the human body |
So, the correct answer is 'Option 'First line defence - Fever' and 'Third line defence - AMI'.'
Which, of the following cannot be detected in a developing foetus by amniocentesis?
-
Jaundice
-
Downs syndrome
-
Cystic fibrosis
-
Colour blindness
Amniocentesis is used to detect hereditary and enzymatic abnormalities in the foetus. Down's syndrome cystic fibrosis and colourblindness are genetic disorders while jaundice is an infectious disease.
Housefly spreads diseases from
-
Typhoid, diphtheria, tuberculosis and pertussis
-
Tuberculosis, tetanus, pertussis and diphtheria
-
Gangrene, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and typhoid
-
Dengue, encephalitis, filariasis and poliomyelitis
- House flies are not the neatest of insects. They visit such places as dumps, sewers, and garbage heaps. They feed on faecal matter, discharges from wounds and sores, sputum, and all sorts of moist decaying matter such as spoiled fish, eggs and meat. House flies are strongly suspected of transmitting at least 65 diseases to humans, including typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, gangrene, poliomyelitis, yaws, anthrax, tularemia, leprosy and tuberculosis. Flies regurgitate and excrete wherever they come to rest and thereby mechanically transmit disease organisms.
- Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe.
- Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe.
Which of the following is/are communicable diseases?
-
Cold
-
Flu
-
Chicken pox
-
All the above
The common cold is an infectious disease caused by rhinovirus. It causes inflammation of upper respiratory tract.
The vector responsible for the transmission of sleeping sickness is
-
Tsetse fly
-
Plasmodium
-
Aedes aegypti
-
None of these
Identify the correctly matched pairs of certain animals and the related diseases/habits.
-
Culex ____________ yellow fever
-
Aedes ___________ filaria
-
Anopheles ____________ malaria
-
Rat flea _____________ diarrhoea
-
None of these
- Wuchereria bancrofti is commonly called the Filarial worm as it causes Filariasis or Elephantiasis in humans. It lives in the lymph vessels of man and female Culex mosquito is its secondary host and acts as a vector. Yellow fever (YF) is an African mosquito-borne infection of primates. It is caused by a virus of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. In its natural habitat, it is transmitted between monkeys by forest-dwelling primatophilic Aedes mosquitoes.
- Aedes mosquitoes cause yellow fever and filarial worm cause Filariasis.
- Malaria, caused by Female Anopheles mosquitoes pick up the parasites by feeding on infected humans. The parasites develop in a mosquito’s body for 10 to 18 days, then is passed on when the mosquito injects saliva while feeding.
- The Oriental Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis), also known as the tropical rat flea, is a parasite of rodents, primarily of the genus Rattus, and is a primary vector for bubonic plague and murine typhus. This occurs when the flea has fed on an infected rodent, and then bites a human. Diarrhoea is when your bowel movements become loose or watery. The definition of diarrhoea is passing loose or watery bowel movements 3 or more times in a day (or more frequently than usual). Diarrhoea occurs when the lining of the intestine is unable to absorb fluid, or it actively secretes fluid.
- .
Water borne disease in the following.
-
Cholera
-
Typhoid
-
Diarrhoea
-
All
Which of the following is the air borne disease?
-
Tuberculosis
-
Diphtheria
-
Pneumonia
-
All of the above
An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air. all respiratory droplets. The airborne transmission that occurs utilizes small particles or droplet nuclei that contains these infectious agents or pathogens. These particles and droplets are capable of remaining suspended in air for extended periods of time. Inhalation of these particles results in respiratory tract infection. Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis), meningitis (Neisseria species), diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus species) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) are some of the bacterial diseases that spread through air.
Contaminated water is a rich source of
-
Cholera
-
Typhoid
-
Hepatitis
-
All of these
-
Both A and B
Cholera is caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. A person gets cholera by drinking water or eating food infected with the bacterium. Once swallowed, it settles in the lining of the small bowel and releases a toxin (poison) that can cause the body to flush liquid into the small bowel, resulting in watery diarrhoea. Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. The bacteria spread through contaminated food or water and occasionally through direct contact with someone who is infected.
People drinking water from a shallow hand pump are likely to suffer from all the following diseases except
-
Cholera
-
Typhoid
-
Jaundice
-
None of the above
City dwellers are facing the acute problems of water and vector borne diseases due to water logging and improper solid waste management and sanitation. The water logging and reprehensible drainage, contamination of water of upper layer from which major portion of the people get the polluted water through shallow bored hand pumps for drinking and other domestic purposes, are main cause of water borne diseases in the city. It is evident from studies that about 70.5 % population is suffering from the abdomen diseases cause by using polluted and contaminated water. Japanese encephalitis, jaundice, cholera, colitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid and skin diseases are common.
During the floods, precaution should be specially taken against
-
Cholera
-
Malaria
-
Typhoid
-
All of the above
After cobra bite, venom affects the
-
Brain
-
Blood circulation
-
Lungs
-
None of the above
Cobras belong to the elapids sub-group of snakes and there
are over 270 species of cobras. Cobra's venom
contains postsynaptic neurotoxins that spread rapidly into the victim's
bloodstream and affects the lungs causing respiratory failure and eventually, death.
Which of the following diseases are transmitted through air?
-
Typhoid, cholera and pneumonia
-
Diarrhoea, tuberculosis and pneumonia
-
Tuberculosis and pneumonia
-
Rabies, chicken pox and polio
If a person lives in an overcrowded and poorly ventilated house. It is possible for him to suffer from which of the following disease?
-
Airborne disease
-
Cholera
-
Cancer
-
AIDS
The diseases which are transmitted through contaminated air are known as airborne diseases. When the person lives in an overcrowded area which is poorly ventilated house, the person may suffer from breathing and airborne related diseases. The person may suffer from respiratory infections and disorders.
Transmission of diseases can be ________
-
Coordinated
-
Both C and D
-
Direct
-
Indirect
The disease can be transmitted directly or indirectly depending on the surrounding factors like example air , water and soil. Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.
The vector responsible for transfer of disease
-
Insects
-
Snakes
-
Birds
-
None of the above
Insects like mosquitoes act as a vector to transfer infection from one host to another. This happens when one mosquito sucks blood from the infected person and the same mosquito bites a healthy person. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
Direct transmission of diseases can take place in the following ways
-
Sexual contact
-
Contamination of food and water
-
Aerosol
-
All of the above
Direct transmission is communicable and contagious disease. It is spread from one infected person to the host. It can be transferred due to direct sexual contact, through air in the form of sneezing or coughing, through contaminated food and water due fecal matter etc. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.
Which of the following daily used items can act as fomites ?
-
Cups and dishes
-
Bed
-
Medical instruments
-
All of the above
Fomites are surfaces which are frequently touched and hence infected. There can be many items used by the infected person like door knobs, handles, computer keyboards, pen, toys phone etc. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.
Which are the other ways of transmission of infections apart from humans?
-
Through air
-
Through water
-
Both A and B
-
Through coughing
Infections can also be transmitted through contaminated air, soil, water, surroundings etc. Food not prepared in hygienic conditions can also cause infection. Therefore, (c) is the correct answer.
Indirect transmission of disease is ________
-
Contagious
-
Non-contagious
-
Both A and B
-
None of these
Indirect Transmission is the spread of disease from host to host by means of a vector. Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.
People being exposed to or infected by infectious disease will
-
Maybe develop a noticeable disease
-
Surely develop a noticeable disease
-
Not develop a noticeable disease
-
None of the above
Becoming exposed to or infected with an infectious microbe does not necessarily mean developing disease. This can be an advantage to people with good immune system. Proper nourishment and food will give rise to a healthy immune system. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
What is air-borne transmission ?
-
Particles containing no organisms are spread
-
Particles containing organisms which can remain in air for long time
-
Particles containing organisms which can remain in air for short time
-
None of the above
Particles containing organisms which can remain in air for long time Solution:- Dust particles containing microorganisms which can remain in air for longer duration of time results in airborne transmission. They must be resistant to drying and can survive for long outside the body. Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.
Black Quarter is also known as _____________.
-
Black - leg
-
Farrya Char charea
-
Both A and B
-
None of the above
Explanation: It is an acute infectious and highly fatal, bacterial disease of cattle. Buffaloes, sheep and goats are also affected. Young cattle between 6-24 months of age, in good body condition are mostly affected. It is soil-borne infection which generally occurs during rainy season. In India, the disease is sporadic (1-2 animal) in nature. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei.
Which of the following disease(s) is/are caused by the bite of mosquitoes?
-
Dengue fever
-
Malaria
-
Cholera
-
Both A and B
The mosquitoes act as a vector and help in the transmission of several diseases. Dengue fever is transmitted by the biting of the Aedes mosquito and the malaria is transmitted by the biting of the female Anopheles mosquito.
How do mosquitoes locate human beings to bite?
-
They have sharp eyes
-
They use sound to locate humans
-
They use their sense of smell
-
None of the above
- Many insects, mosquitoes included, are attracted by the odour of the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas that humans and other animals naturally exhale.
- However, mosquitoes can also pick up other cues that signal a human is nearby. They use their vision to spot a host and thermal sensory information to detect body heat.
Allergens are noninfectious .They induce disorders through secretion
-
IgM
-
IgE
-
Histamines
-
Both B and c
An allergen is a type of antigen which are non-infectious that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called allergies. The production of allergens stimulates the release of IgE (immunoglobulin E) antibodies. These IgE antibodies bind to the allergens and then activates receptors of mast cells which triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Hence, allergens induce disorders through secretion of IgE and histamine.
The parasite which has been recently eradicated from India is
-
Leishmania donavani
-
Dracunucles medinensis
-
Toxoplasma gondii
-
Taenia solium
- Dracunculus medinensis or Guinea worm is a nematode that causes dracunculiasis( guinea worm disease).
- Usually, the disease has no initial symptoms. About one year later, there is a painful burning feeling as a blister forms, usually on the legs. The blister bursts as the worm then come out of the skin over a few weeks.
- this Disease has been eradicated and India was declared as guinea worm disease free country by WHO in 2000.
- Hence The parasite which has been recently eradicated from India is Dracunculus medinensis.
- So, the correct answer is 'Dracunculus medinensis '.
If you live in an overcrowded and poorly ventilated house, it is possible that you may suffer from
-
Cancer
-
AIDS
-
Air borne diseases
-
Cholera
Many microbial agents can commonly move from an affected person to someone else in a variety of ways. Such disease-causing microbes can spread through the air. This occurs through the little droplets thrown out by an infected person who sneezes or coughs. Someone standing close by can breathe in these droplets, and the microbes get a chance to start a new infection. Examples of such diseases spread through the air are the common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Obviously, the more crowded our living conditions are, the more likely it is that such airborne diseases will spread.
Which one of the following disease is not transmitted by a mosquito?
-
Brain fever
-
Malaria
-
Typhoid
-
Dengue
Brain fever is caused by virus and transmitted through Culex tritaeniorhynchus, female mosquitoes. Mosquitoes acquire virus, while taking blood meal and pass it to next healthy person.
When Anopheles female mosquito bites a malaria patient then malarial parasite also enters in mosquito, while blood suction. Malarial parasite can grow in mosquito body and pass to another person, when mosquito bites. Dengue virus is transmitted due to mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti.
Typhoid is caused by bacteria called as Salmonella typhi. It is water borne disease. Typhoid patient's feces show presence of Salmonella typhi. When such feces comes in contact with drinking water bodies then water gets polluted. Such, water if used for consumption then person gets infected with typhoid. Hence, typhoid is not transmitted by mosquito.
The factor that is least important to control in order to limit food-borne illness is
-
Presence of pesticides
-
Presence of microbes
-
Temperature of food
-
Time of incubation
-
None of the above
Foodborne illness can be caused by pesticides or medicines in food and naturally toxic substances such as poisonous mushrooms or reef fish. Foodborne illnesses may result from the consumption of food contaminated by microbial pathogens, toxic chemicals or radioactive materials. The temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow is known as the danger zone. Food safety agencies, such as the United States' Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), define the danger zone as roughly 4–5°C to 60 °C. The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness. The delay between consumption of a contaminated food and appearance of the first symptoms of illness is called the incubation period. This ranges from hours to days, depending on the agent, and on how much was consumed.
Those at greatest risk for food-borne illness include
-
Pregnant woman
-
Infants and children
-
Immunosuppressed individuals
-
All of the above
Which of the following diseases is / are likely to spread in the entire community if a leaky septic tank contaminates the water supply?
-
Cholera
-
Typhoid
-
Tuberculosis
-
Both A and B
Contamination of drinking water sources by sewage can occur from raw sewage overflow, septic tanks, leaking sewer lines, land application of sludge and partially treated waste water. Sewage is a complex mixture and can contain many types of contaminants. The greatest threats posed to water resources arise from contamination by bacteria, nitrates, metals, trace quantities of toxic materials, and salts. Seepage overflow into drinking water sources can cause disease from the ingestion of microorganisms such as E coli, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Hepatitis A, and helminths. Septic tanks are enclosures that store and process wastes by bacterial decomposition. Badly constructed percolation systems may allow water to escape without proper treatment.This water may seep to the land surface, runoff into surface water or flow directly into the water table causing waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea etc.
Which of the following diseases spread through air?
-
Dysentery, cholera and typhoid
-
Ulcer, heart attack and appendicitis
-
Common cold and influenza
-
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome
Airborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microbes small enough to be discharged from an infected person via coughing, sneezing, laughing and close personal contact or aerosolization of the microbe. The discharged microbes remain suspended in the air on dust particles, respiratory and water droplets. Illness is caused when the microbe is inhaled or contacts mucus membranes or when secretions remaining on a surface are touched. Many common infections can spread by airborne transmission at least in some cases, including: anthrax (inhalational), chicken pox, influenza, measles, smallpox, and tuberculosis.
Which of the following is not an air-borne disease?
-
Black stem rust of wheat
-
Coffee rust
-
Blast of rice
-
Potato mosaic disease
An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air. Potato virus is transmitted by aphids by sticking to aphid mouth parts (stylet). The virus can be acquired from the infected plant within seconds, and transmitted to a healthy plant very fast. It can also be transmitted mechanically by machinery, tools, and damaging plants while walking through the field. Aphids are by far the most efficient means of transmission.
Salmonella bacteria are usually spread via
-
Raw meats, poultry and eggs
-
Pickled vegetables
-
Home-canned vegetables
-
Raw vegetables
Salmonella bacteria can be found in food products such as raw poultry, eggs, and beef, and sometimes on unwashed fruit. Food prepared on surfaces that previously were in contact with raw meat or meat products can, in turn, become contaminated with the bacteria. This is called cross-contamination.
The bacteria can enter the food supply in a number of ways, including:
-
Improper food handling
-
Poor hygiene
-
During poultry and meat processing
-
All of the above
Explanation: The most common type of enteritis is caused by food poisoning. You get it after ingesting food or water that is contaminated with bacteria.
Mycoplasma mycoides causes which of the following disease?
-
Bovine pleuropneumonia
-
Inflammation of genitals
-
Agalactia
-
None of these
Which of the following is the most common carrier of pathogens ?
-
helminth worm
-
mosquito
-
housefly
-
butterfly.
Housefly transmits various diseases like typhoid diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, tuberculosis etc.
A patient suffering from a chronic disease
-
has abrupt attack of disease
-
suffers from disease for a very long period
-
suffers from disease for short period
-
all of these.
Chronic diseases last for a long time, even as much as a lifetime. The chronic diseases have drastic long term effects on patient's health.
An insect bite may result in inflammation of that spot.This is triggered by the alarm chemicals such as
-
Histamine and dopamine
-
Histamine and kinins
-
Interferons and opsonins
-
Interferons and histones
- Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound which is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins at the site of inflammation.
- Kinins are a group of substances formed in body tissue in response to injury or inflammation. They are polypeptides and cause vasodilation (increase blood flow) at the site of inflammation and smooth muscle contraction.
Crippling disease is caused due to poisoning of __________.
-
Arsenic
-
Lead
-
Mercury
-
Selenium
Which of the following diseases is caused by Nosema bombycis ?
-
Pebrine
-
Flacheria
-
Grasses
-
Muscadine
If a patient has to undergo dialysis, he is suffering from a severe ailment of the
-
Respiratory systems
-
Circulatory system
-
Digestive system
-
Excretory system
Dialysis is the procedure used for cleaning the blood of a person by reparating the waste substance (urea) from it.
What is the usual outcome of the disease in children?
-
On-and-off sickness for a few weeks
-
Recovering in about a month
-
Recovering in a couple of days
-
Recovery in a week
Explanation: Chickenpox causes a rash and can make a child feel generally unwell. Treatment aims to ease symptoms until the illness goes. Full recovery in a week is usual in children.
_____________ is one of the symptom of hepatitis.
-
Jaundice
-
Pain in limbs
-
Rose spots
-
Mental disorder
Hepatitis causes liver failure or liver cancer. Due to this the functioning of liver disturbs drastically. This results in jaundice being one of the symptoms of hepatitis.