Ecology and ecosystem - class-VIII
Description: ecology and ecosystem | |
Number of Questions: 85 | |
Created by: Karuna Seth | |
Tags: botany conservation of environment our environment living in harmony environmental management our environment: energy flow in the ecosystem zoology ecology and environment evs - i ecosystem different ecosystems chemistry issues of the environment environment biology ecosystem : structure and function environmental balance commercial applications |
Which one of the following aspects is not a component of functional unit of ecosystem?
-
Productivity
-
Decomposition
-
Energy flow
-
Ecological pyramids
Interaction of biotic and abiotic components result in a physical structure, that is characteristic of each type of ecosystem. Components of ecosystem function as one single unit. Four important functional aspects of the ecosystem are (i) Productivity, (ii) Decomposition, (iii) Energy flow and (iv) Nutrient cycling. Ecological pyramids are a graphical representation of a number, biomass, and energy flow in an ecosystem.
An ecosystem is the biotic community which along with the physical environment forms an interacting system. It can be _________________.
-
Man-made
-
Temporary
-
Natural
-
All of these
Living things interact with ________ constantly.
-
Organisms
-
Environment
-
Non-living things
-
None of the above
Environment is living things and what is around them. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things do not simply exist in their environment. They constantly interact with it. Organisms change in response to conditions in their environment. In the environment, there are interactions between plants, animals, soil, water, temperature, light and other living and non-living things.
Each ecosystem consist of ........... main components.
-
Three
-
Two
-
Four
-
Five
An ecosystem is made up of two components- biotic and abiotic. It includes the interaction of the living things which are the biotic components in a given area with the non-living environment which are the abiotic factors such as weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere. Thus the correct answer is option B.
Which of the following terms defines the prefix 'eco'?
-
Ecology
-
Environment
-
Adaptation
-
Exchange
The word ecosystem was coined by Tansley a British botanist in 1935. Tansley defined ecosystem as a system resulting from the interaction between biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Biotic components include all living components and abiotic components include all physical factors such as weather, atmosphere, soil, etc. present in the surrounding. Hence the prefix 'eco' means environment.
The sphere of living matter together with water, air and soil on the surface of earth is called as
-
Lithosphere
-
Biosphere
-
Hydrosphere
-
Atmosphere
Biosphere is biologically inhabited part of earth along with its physical environment consisting of lower atmosphere, land and water bodies.
Which of the following is an artificial ecosystem?
-
Rice-field
-
Forest
-
Grassland
-
Lake
Rice-field (an agricultural field) is considered to be an artificial ecosystem. It is because of the following: It is man-made ecosystem and has all the components of the ecosystem. Abiotic factors which include air, water, soil etc. Biotic factors which include all the living organisms like plants, animals and microbes. It also comprises phenomena such as the flow of energy, food chains, food webs etc. Hence, option A is correct.
An ecosystem is a complex interacting system of
-
Individual
-
Population
-
Community and their physical environment
-
Community and their soil condition
An ecosystem is a segment of biosphere consisting of a community of living beings and the abiotic or physical environment interacting and exchanging materials between them. The interactions ultimately result in trapping of energy and production of biomass in an ecosystem. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
Ecosystem is
-
Open
-
Closed
-
Both A and B
-
Neither open nor closed
As per thermodynamics, a system can be open or closed. An ecosystem is an open system because an open system is a system in which energy and nutrients are exchanged between the physical environment and living organisms. In a closed ecosystem, the waste product of an organism is used by the other organism, like decomposers. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
Ecosystem is defined as
-
Relation between plants and animals
-
Relation between biotic and physical components
-
Relation between producers and decomposers
-
None of the above
An ecosystem is a community of organisms living and interacting with the non-living components of the environment within a system. It is made up of 2 types of components viz., biotic and abiotic. Ecosystem represents the relation between biotic and physical componenets.
Ecosystem may be defined as
-
Group of plants which act as the energy suppliers
-
Group of organisms which form population
-
Functional unit for ecological studies
-
None of the above
The ecosystem is a segment of nature or biosphere consisting of a community of living beings and the abiotic or physical environment both interacting and exchanging materials between them.
Which one of the following factors is contributed by biotic elements in the ecosystem
-
Photoperiod
-
$CO _{2}$
-
Texture and porosity of soil
-
Rainfall
Study of inter-relationships between a species/individual and its environment in all stages of its life cycle is
-
Synecology
-
Autecology
-
Forest Ecology
-
Ecology
Who proposed the term ecosystem?
-
Odum
-
Gardner
-
Warming
-
Tansley
Ecosystem is a biological community that lives in conjugation with the nonbiological community. It can also be defined as all plants and animal species along with environment. It includes all living things like plants, animals and non-living things like air, water, land, etc. The term Ecosystem was termed by Arthur Tansley in 1935.
Ecosystem may be defined as
-
A species along with environment
-
Plants found in water
-
Plants found on land
-
All plants and animal species along with environment
Ecosystem is a biological community that lives in conjugation with the nonbiological community. It can also be defined as all plants and animal species along with environment. It includes all living things like plants, animals and non-living things like air, water, land, etc.
Biome has organisms of various trophic levels
-
Reacting with abiotic environment
-
Constitute a sociological unit
-
Live a symbiotic life
-
Inhabit a desert
Biome is a community that consists of plants and animals having common characteristics in a given environment. In other words, biome has organisms of various trophic levels reacting with abiotic environment. The different biomes include aquatic biome, forest biome, desert biome, tundra biome and grassland biome.
Ecosystem contains
-
Food web
-
Food chain
-
Both A and B
-
None of the above
An ecosystem is all plants and animal species along with environment. It consists of biotic components such as producers, consumers and decomposers and abiotic components such as air, water, temperature, soil. It contains both food chain and food web. Food chain consists of producers, consumers and decomposers. It is a series of plants/animals which are interrelated in the form of organism being eaten as food by the other organism. Various interlinked food chains in a community constitutes the food web.
Who coined the term ecosystem?
-
Tansley
-
Odum
-
Warming
-
Darwin
A. Arthur George Tansley coined the term ecosystem' in 1935 to describe the interactions between organisms and with their environment.
Which one is not the dynamic aspect of an ecosystem?
-
Producers and mineral cycles
-
Consumers and mineral cycles
-
Producers and energy flow
-
Energy flow and mineral cycles
Dynamic aspects of an ecosystem are mineral cycles and energy flow. Mineral cycles are biogeochemical cycles through which there is exchange or circulation of nutrients in the biosphere. Energy flow occurs in a unidirectional manner in an ecosystem from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels. Through these dynamic aspects, biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are connected. Biotic components are living part of the environment which include producers, consumers and decomposers whereas abiotic components are non living part of the environment which include light, water, temperature etc.
The term ecosystem was coined by
-
Warming
-
Odum
-
Tansley
-
Haeckel
Term ecosystem was coined by Tansley while the term ecosystem was coined by Ernst Haeckel. Warming wrote the first book on plant ecology. Odum described an ecosystem as a functional unit of nature.
How many of the following will act as a decomposer in a pond ecosystem?
[spider, earthworm, woodlouse, fungus]
-
One
-
Two
-
Three
-
Four
Decomposers are the organisms which feed on dead organisms such as microbes. Spider feeds on other insects and acts as a predator and woodlouse found in forest and feeds on plant matter from the forest floor. Whereas earthworm and fungus can grow in pond water and feeds on dead organisms (plant or animal).
Ecosystem can be recognised as self-regulating and self sustaining unit of
-
Species
-
Landscape
-
Organism
-
Community
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms together with non-living components of their environment, functioning together as a system. The term 'ecosystem' was first proposed by Sir Arthur Tansley in 1935. The ecosystem can be recognized as a self-regulating and self-sustaining unit of 'landscape'. Hence, the correct answer is option B. ''landscape'.
Which of the following ecosystem lacks one or more structural components?
-
Deep sea
-
Freshly formed water pond
-
Forest ecosystem
-
All of the above
(A) In deep sea ecosystem has all structural components,
Study of interaction between living organisms and environment is called
-
Ecosystem
-
Phytogeography
-
Psychology
-
Mycology
The ecosystem is defined as the study of the interaction between the living organisms and the environment.
Which of the following is non-essential in an ecosystem:-
-
$Co _2$
-
Grass
-
soil
-
Fungi
A drop of water is an example of :-
-
Micro ecosystem
-
Macro ecosystem
-
Nano ecosystem
-
Both B & C
The ocean covers ___________ percentage of Earth's surface.
-
51%
-
61%
-
71%
-
91%
The abiotic and biotic components constitute the structure of an
-
energy flow
-
environment
-
atmosphere
-
Ecosystem
The inherent ability of organisms to reproduce and multiply is called
-
C value
-
biotic potential
-
carrying capacity
-
K value
Definition of ecosystem is
-
The community of organisms together with the environment in which they live
-
The abiotic component of a habitat
-
The part of the earth and its atmosphere which inhibits living organisms
-
A community of organisms interacting with one another
Initial development of an 'ecosystem' is known as
-
Primary succession
-
Secondary succession
-
Tertiary succession
-
All of above
Applied and basic aspects of environmental science require a solid foundation in
-
Anthropogenic
-
Natural Sciences
-
Multi-disciplinary nature
-
All of Above
What does environment include?
-
Biotic and abiotic factors
-
Animals and Plants
-
Microorganisms
-
Non-living things
Function of an ecosystem means
-
Rate of biological flow, nutrients and ecological regulations
-
Temperature zone for stability
-
Light emitting diodes
-
Life cycle of species
What is role of an acosystem?
-
providing nutritional support to plants
-
to generate life continuity, flourishing distinctive structure to all species
-
helping animals to survive in an environment
-
All of above
If ELR exceeds ALR, environmental lapse rate, would be considered as:
-
ELR
-
Lapse rate
-
Super adiabatic
-
Adiabatic lapse rate
In man subsidized powered ecosystem, power or energy input by man is, in form of
-
Fertilizers and machines
-
Tides and waves
-
waves and currents
-
Nuclear energy
Ecosystem may be defined as
-
A localized association of several plants and animals
-
Different communities of plants, animals and microbes together with thier physico-chemical environment
-
Different communities of plants microbes plus their physico-chemical environment
-
None of the above
An ecosystem is a natural system consisting of all plants, animals and microorganisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment.
The two components of an ecosystem are
-
Biotic and abiotic
-
Plants and animals
-
Weeds and micro-organism
-
Plants and light
Two main components exist in an ecosystem: abiotic and biotic. The abiotic components of any ecosystem are the properties of the environment; the biotic components are the life forms, that occupy a given ecosystem.
Ecosystems may be defined as
-
A species along with environment
-
Plant found in water
-
Plants found on land
-
All plants and animal species along with environment
An ecosystem includes all the living organisms and all the nonliving components of their environment. It comprises of all living things namely plants, animals and organisms interacting with each other and also with their non-living environments, that is earth, air, water, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere, etc.
Components of environment are
-
Biotic
-
Abiotic
-
Resources and regulatory factor
-
All of the above
Environment is composed of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components. All components of environment are closely related and they interact with each other. Environment is composed of both environmental resources and regulatory factor.
When we destroy a forest we destroy
-
An ecosystem
-
The environment
-
Population of wild life
-
Food and shelter of wild animals
When we destroy a forest, we destroy an ecosystem. It is because ecosystem constitutes of both abiotic and biotic components. The biotic components constitute all the living organisms present in the ecosystem, i.e. plants and animals. Whereas, abiotic components constitute the environmental factors like air, soil, water etc. When a forest is destroyed, it results in the loss of food and habitat of wild animals, due to which the population of wildlife is threatened. The loss of forest also results in deforestation, which affects the environment by raising the temperature and causing a flood. So, the correct option is A.
Ecosystem contains
-
Food web
-
Food chain
-
Both A and B
-
None of the above
In ecology, a food web describes the feeding connections between organisms in a biotic community. Both energy and nutrients flow through a food web, moving through organisms as they are consumed by an organism above them in the food web. A single path of energy through a food web is called a food chain. A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains. Each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem. All of the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a food web.
Biotic components include
-
Only producers
-
Producers, consumers and decomposers
-
Only consumers
-
Only producers and consumers
The biotic components of an ecosystem are the lifeforms that inhabit it. The life forms of an ecosystem aid in the transfer and cycle of energy. Examples of biotic components are producers and consumers. There are three main types of consumers: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
Which one of the following is the definition of ecosystem?
-
A localised association of seven plants and animals.
-
Different communities of plants, animals and microbes, together with their physicochemical environments.
-
Different communities of plants and microbes, plus their physicochemical environments.
-
A community of organisms interacting with one another.
An ecosystem consists of the biological community of living organisms that occurs in some particular area and the physical and chemical factors that make up its nonliving or abiotic environment. There are many examples of ecosystems - a pond, a forest, an estuary, a grassland.
Two components of ecosystem are
-
Plants and animals
-
Trees and fungi
-
Living and non living
-
Frogs and man
The ecosystem is comprised of various food chains in which the organisms interact with each other. There is also the involvement of the non-living forms. The living form is the biotic component and the non-living forms are the abiotic components. The producers, consumers and decomposers are the biotic components. Sunlight, air and water are the abiotic components.
What are biotic components?
-
The living components
-
The non-living components
-
Both living and non-living
-
None of these
- The ecosystem is comprised of various food chains in which the organisms interact with each other.
- There is also involvement of the non-living forms. The living form is the biotic components and the non-living forms are the abiotic components. The producers, consumers, and decomposers are the biotic components.
An ecosystem is a complex interacting system of
-
Individuals
-
Population
-
Communities and their physical environment
-
Communities and their soil condition
An ecosystem includes living things in a given environment, their interaction with each other, and also with their non-living environment i.e., weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, and atmosphere. Thus the correct answer is option C.
Ecosystem has two components
-
Plants and animals
-
Weeds and trees
-
Biotic and abiotic
-
Frogs and man
Ecosystem has two components. They are
-
Trees and fungi
-
Living and non living
-
Plants and animals
-
None of these
An ecosystem includes the interaction of the living things i.e biotic factors in a given area with the non-living environment i.e abiotic factors such as weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere. Thus the correct answer is option B.
Abiotic component in an ecosystem is
-
Water
-
Daphnia
-
Bacteria
-
Chlorella
An ecosystem includes the interaction of the living things i.e biotic factors in a given area with the non-living environment i.e abiotic factors such as water, weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere. Bacteria, Daphnia and Chlorella form the biotic component of the ecosystem. Thus the correct answer is option A.
Which of the following is true in an ecosystem ?
-
Animals can live without plants
-
Plants can live without animals
-
Animals can survive for long without plants
-
Plants can survive for long without animals
An ecosystem may be a small or a large sized based on kind of
-
Habit
-
Habitat
-
Components
-
Molecules
Habitat is the environmental area where particular organisms live. Hence the size of the habitat determines the size of an ecosystem. More the number of the organism more the area will be covered and thus the size of the particular ecosystem increases.
Which of the following is an abiotic component?
-
Plants
-
Animals
-
Soil
-
Microorganisms
The correct answer is 'soil'
Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors is called as _________.
-
Ecology
-
Ecosystem
-
Niche
-
Biomes
Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors is called ecosystem. Study of ecosystem is called ecology. The study of interaction and habitat or organisms in certain area is called niche and major ecosystems is called bio-mes.
Which of the following explains stable ecosystem?
-
Requires a constant energy source
-
Requires a living system
-
Is self-sustaining
-
Requires cycling of materials between the living system and the environment
-
All of the above
The least inclusive level of ecological organization that includes interactions among living and non-living factors is
-
A community
-
A population
-
A species
-
A biosphere
-
An ecosystem
Biotic factors are
-
Chemical factors of soil which affect life
-
Physical factors of soil which affect life
-
All living organisms which influence other organisms
-
Factors of atmosphere which affect life
(c) Living organisms have effect on other living organisms and these constitute biotic factors or living factors.
An ecosystem contains
-
Producers
-
Decomposers
-
Lentic
-
Xeric
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic omponents. Biotic or living things involve producer, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic or nonliving things involve air, water, soil. An area with very little water is called as xeric or desert ecosystem. A lentic ecosystem is an ecosystem which consists of still water.
Biotic community along with its interacting physical environment comprises
-
Phytosociology
-
Phytogeography
-
Ecosystem
-
Ecology
Biotic community along with its interacting physical environment comprises ecosystem. The biotic community involves living things like plants, animals, microorganisms. The physical environment is called as abiotic community or nonliving things. It includes air, water, land, etc. Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms with one another and with environment.
Well known ecosystem ecologist is
-
P. Maheshwaii
-
E.P. Odum
-
M.S. Swaminathan
-
W. Sutherland
Ecosystem ecology is the study of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components of an ecosystem and their interactions within an ecosystem. Well known ecosystem ecologist is E. P. Odum. Eugene Pleasants Odum is well known for his pioneering work on ecosystem ecology. He wrote a book on 'Fundamentals of Ecology.'
Stability of ecosystem depends, upon
-
Primary productivity
-
Number of producers
-
Number of consumers
-
Interchange between producers and consumers
Stability of ecosystem depends upon interchange between producers and consumers. Producers and consumers occupy different trophic levels of a food chain. High interactivity between producers and consumers makes the ecosystem to be independent of outside factors for its stability.
Given below are the characteristic features of an ecosystem
(a) Little diversity
(b) Little cycling of nutrients
(c) High productivity
These features are correct for
-
Forest ecosystem
-
Cropfield ecosystem
-
Grassland ecosystem
-
More than one option is correct
Why are crop fields known as artificial ecosystems?
-
Crop fields are man made.
-
Some biotic and abiotic components are manipulated by humans for the production of crop.
-
Both A and B.
-
None of the above.
Ecosystems have
-
energy inputs and outputs
-
nutrient cycling but not outputs
-
one trophic level
-
both (a) and (b)
An ecosystem consists of both biotic and abiotic components and interactions between them. When the interactions take place there must be some input of energy for example light energy is transferred to plants for performing photosynthesis and if there is an input of energy then there must be a continuous output of energy also.
When we study the full assortment of organisms in an area as well as the abiotic environment that affects them, we are studying the
-
populations
-
niche
-
ecosystem
-
community
an ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic components of an area. Biotic components interact with their surroundings or the abiotic component to form a sustainable environment.
Choose the correct answers from the alternatives given :
Ecosystems are characterized by
-
one way flow of energy through the biotic community of an ecosystem
-
interactions of organisms among themselves and the physical and chemical environment
-
cycling of materials from the abiotic environmnent through the biotic community and back to the abiotic environment
-
all of the above
The ecosystem is a self-regulatory and self-sustaining structural and functional unit of the biosphere containing a community of living beings and the physical environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them. In an ecosystem, energy flow is unidirectional. So, the correct option is "all of the above".
Cropland ecosystem is a natural ecosystem
-
True
-
False
- Cropland includes areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest. Two subcategories of cropland are recognized: cultivated and non-cultivated.
- Cultivated cropland comprises land in row crops or close-grown crops and also other cultivated cropland, for example, hay land or pasture land that is in a rotation with row or close-grown crops.
- Non-cultivated cropland includes permanent hay land and horticultural cropland.
- Major natural resource concerns facing cropland include: (1) erosion by wind and water, (2) maintaining and enhancing soil quality, (3) water quality from nutrient and pesticides runoff and leaching, and (4) managing the quantity of water available for irrigation.
An ecosystem is not a self-sufficient unit
-
True
-
False
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. The Sun is the source of energy in most ecosystems. Energy is transferred from the Sun to plants that make their own food. The stored energy in plants is transferred to animals that eat the plants. When organisms die, their bodies decompose, or break down. The materials needed by organisms in an ecosystem are recycled, or used over again.
Anthropogenic ecosystems
-
show high degree of nutrient cycling
-
show low productivity
-
show great biodiversity
-
Do not posses self regulatory mechanism
Anthropogenic biomes, also known as anthromes or human biomes, describe the terrestrial biosphere in its contemporary, human-altered from using global ecosystem units defined by global patterns of sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems.
Upper part of sea/aquatic ecosystem contains
-
Plankton
-
Nekton
-
Plankton and nekton
-
Benthos
Which is not true regarding ecosystem?
-
Self sufficient unit
-
Cyclic exchange of materials between living beings and environment
-
Only requirement is input of energy
-
Characterized by a major vegetation type
An example of an abiotic component
-
Plants
-
Soil
-
Animals
-
Bacteria
Ecosystem was first proposed by A.G Tanslay in
-
1937
-
1935
-
1945
-
1938
What are two major components of an ecosystem?
-
Biotic and abiotic factors
-
Microorganisms
-
Temperature and humidity
-
Light and Food
Examples of 'biotic' factors include:
-
Water
-
Sunlight
-
Oxygen
-
Grass
The term biocoenosis was coined by
-
Darwin
-
Haeckel
-
Odum
-
Mobius
The term biocenosis was coined by Karl Mobius in 1877. It describes the interacting organisms living together in a habitat (biotope). Based on the concept of biocenosis, ecological communities can take in various forms zoocenosis for the faunal community, phytocenosis for the flora community and microbiocenosis for the microbial community.
__________ is the ecological role and space that an organism fills in the ecosystem.
-
Ecology
-
Niche
-
Biomes
-
Environment
Nice is the ecological role and space that an organism fills in the ecosystem. The ecological niche involves both the place where an organism live and role that an organism carries out in its habitat e.g. A plant growing in garden along with soil, climate, sunlight, nutrients etc.
Which is the best example of interaction of biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystem?
-
Sunlight
-
Water
-
Land
-
Forests
Forests provide excellent introduction to the foundational concepts of ecology, since they are among the most structurally and biologically diverse of the planets ecosystems. Forests are built upon highly complex relationships between living and non-living components. In a forest, abiotic factors include fundamentals such as sunlight, moisture, nutrients, bedrock and topography. Biotic components are the living members of the system. A defining trait of an ecosystem is the cycling of nutrients and energy between organisms and their environment, and it is these abiotic components that provide the foundation for interaction between members of ecological communities.
Living organisms has not effect on the abiotic factor around them in an ecosystem.
-
True
-
False
-
Ambiguous
-
Data insufficient
Living organisms constantly take in or give out various abiotic factors. Thus, each biotic factor affects the quality of the abiotic factor around itself and thus affects the lives of the other biotic factors with which it share the ecosystem.
Find the odd one out:
-
Fe
-
O
-
$CH _4$
-
N
Abiotic factors are the non living part of ecosystem. This can be distinguished into organic and inorganic. Organic include proteins, methane, carbohydrates etc., whereas inorganic includes iron, magnesium, oxygen, nitrogen etc.
An ecosystem is characterized by which of the following
-
Energy flow
-
Autotrophs converting solar energy to organic compounds
-
Decomposers recycling organic matter to inorganic compounds
-
All of the above
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. The fundamental source of energy in almost all ecosystems is radiant energy from the sun. The autotrophs processes the light energy and use the energy stored within the simple carbohydrates to produce the more complex organic compounds. The flow of energy through the ecosystem drives the movement of nutrients within the ecosystem. Decomposers play a key role in many of these cycles, returning nutrients to the soil, water, or air, where they can be used again by the biotic constituents of the ecosystem.
Mycorhhiza is an example of : -
-
Key-stone species
-
Endemic species
-
Critical link species
-
Rare species
A species whose presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system. A keystone species is often a dominant predator whose removal allows a prey population to explode and often decreases overall diversity. It includes the American alligators, beavers, bees, elephants, gopher tortoises, grizzly bears, hummingbirds, ivory tree corals, jaguars, mountain lions, mycorrhizal fungi, Pacific salmon and prairie dogs. Thus, Mycorrhiza is a keystone species.
Biotic component of biosphere is not constituted by
-
Producers
-
Consumers
-
Decomposer
-
Air
The biosphere is the world of living organisms together with soil layers (land or lithosphere), water (hydrosphere) and air (atmosphere) on the earth surface. Hence, it consists of 4 parts as land, water, air and living organisms. Of which land, water and air are abiotic or non-living components and living organisms are biotic or living components.
Producers are one of the type of biotic component, which produce their own food material from simple inorganic substances like $CO _2$ and water in presence of sunlight. E.g., Plants.
Consumers are one of the type of biotic component, which consume food prepared by producers. E.g., Human being, animals.
Decomposers are one of the type of biotic component, which derive their food material from dead, decaying matter. Eg. Bacteria, fungi.
Hence, option A, B and C are incorrect.
Air is a abiotic or non-living type of component of biosphere. Therefore, option D is correct.
Which of the following constitutes the largest ecosystem of the world?
-
Ocean
-
River
-
Forest
-
Grassland