The final step of PCR is the extension, wherein Taq DNA polymerase is isolated from a thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used for amplification of DNA fragments. Its amplification cycle involve three steps - denaturation, annealing and polymerisation which are repeated for 'n', cycles.

The final step of PCR is the extension, wherein Taq DNA polymerase (isolated from a thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus) synthesizes the DNA region between the primers, using dNTPs (deoxynucleoside triphosphates) and $Mg^{2+}$. The primers are extended towards each other so that the DNA segment lying between the two primers is copied. The optimum temperature for this polymerisation step is $72^o$$C$. Taq polymerase remains active during high temperature-induced denaturation of double-stranded DNA.

Process used for amplification or multiplication of DNA in DNA fingerprinting is Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .It is done in invitro system.

The cost of gene cloning is far more than PCR because gene cloning requires many intricate steps. PCR takes less than 4 hours while gene cloning can take days.

In addition to Tag DNA polymerase, Pfu polymerase and Tli polymerase have been isolated which are also thermostable. Pfu polymerase is isolated from Pyrococcus furiosus. Tli (vent) polymerase is isolated from Thermococcus litoralis.

Very low count of bacteria or viruses (when the symptoms of the disease are not yet visible) can be detected by multiplication of their nucleic acid by PCR, (PCR can detect very low amounts of DNA). PCR is usually used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients.

Polymerase chain reaction involves the steps:

Antibiotic resistance genes are selectable markers. Desirable genes are the ones which are introduced in the vector for getting desired protein product. In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated according to their charge and size. After the formation of the product in a bioreactors, it undergoes through some processes before a finished product is ready for marketing. The processes include separation and purification of products which are collectively called as downstream processing.

In 1985 Norm Arnheim, also a member of the development team concluded his sabbatical at Cetus and assumed an academic position at USC. He began to investigate the use of PCR to amplify samples containing just a single copy of the target sequence. By 1989 his lab developed multiplex-PCR on single sperm to directly analyze the products of meiotic recombination.

The development of molecular techniques that access viral load and the development of genotypic resistance have revolutionized the treatment of HIV disease. Commercially available viral load assays use a number of different approaches from reverse transcriptase PCR to amplification of branched chain DNA. New real-time PCR assays are under development, including LightCycler- and TaqMan-based tests. So, the correct answer is option A. ( X=PCR ).

Kary Mullis. Kary Banks Mullis (born December 28, 1944) is a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist. In recognition of his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year.

Translation is the process of synthesis of protein using mRNA nucleotide sequence as template, it occurs in cytoplasm. Transcription is the process of mRNA synthesis using DNA coding strand as template, it occurs in nucleus. PCR is a technique to amplify the gene of interest in three steps namely denaturation of target DNA (thermal cycle to separate the DNA strands), annealing of primers to the ssDNA and polymerisation (extension of primer into complete DNA strand complementary to the template strand). After completion of one cycle of PCR, two copies of the target DNA are produced both of which serve as template for next PCR cycle and produce 4 copies. Hence, there is exponential amplification of DNA copies. Correct option is C.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. Using PCR, a single copy (or more) of a DNA sequence is exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment.

DNA polymerase enzyme was isolated from a thermophilc bacteria called Thermus aquaticus. This is an enzyme used frequently to make multiple copies of segment of DNA by a technique called polymerase chain reaction.

The denaturation stage of PCR takes about 1–2 minutes. The thermocycler then lowers the temperature to about 50° to 60°C, which allows the short, oligonucleotide primers to anneal to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA molecules. The annealing stage of PCR lasts about 30 seconds. Hence, the whole cycle of gene amplification requires 30 minutes.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that exponentially amplifies a single copy of a specific DNA segment. It generates thousands of copies of that specific DNA segment. After completion of one cycle, 2 copies are produced from a single DNA segment. After completion of the second cycle, 2$^2$ = 4 copies are produced. Similarly, after n$^{th}$ cycle, 2$^2$ copies are produced, where n is the number of cycles. Hence, after completion of 6 cycle, 2$^6$ = 64 copies will be produced. 

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is widely used the method in genetic engineering to prepare the multiple copies of desired DNA. It includes steps of denaturation, annealing extension and last amplification. As DNA is the polymer of four DNA bases present in the base pair and polymerase chain reaction is done in the presence of DNA polymerase enzyme of the DNA that re-studies by the researchers which is said to be DNA library so it is not required in the reaction.

A primer is a short single strand of RNA or DNA (generally about 18-22 bases) that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis. It is required for DNA replication because the enzymes that catalyze this process, DNA polymerases, can only add new nucleotides to an existing strand of DNA. The polymerase starts replication at the 3′-end of the primer, and copies the opposite strand. 

A DNA sequencing reaction was performed with the fragment 5−XXXGCGATCGYYYY−3′ as the template, dideoxy GTP, all the four dNTPs, and the required primers and enzyme. XXXX and YYYY in the given DNA fragment represent primer binding sites. The set of fragments obtained during the reaction will be CGATCGC, because if primer is attache to the XXXX binding site it polymerization starts and its complimentary fragment is CGATCGC.

• Agarose is derived from seaweeds Gelidium and Gracilaria
• Opine synthesis is the function of Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium
• Biolistic is the term used for gene gun used for biotransformation
• Thermocycler is used to carry out PCR reaction

The areas of application of PCR include 

Answer is option C i.e. "Gel electrophoresis"
Gel electrophoresis is the technique which can check DNA fragment progression. Restriction enzyme digest DNA into fragments. Each fragment has different size. When gel electrophoresis is performed each fragment with different sizes are separated on the gel.
While, PCR is used for DNA amplification. Bioreactors are the fermentors used for fermentation process and micro-injection is a method used to transfer genes between animals.

DNA primer is not required for a PCR reaction. 

• Nucleotides are compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. For example, Adenylic acid, Guanylic acid, Thymidylic acid, and Cytidilic acid and 5'uridylic acid.
• Hence Adenylic acid, Cytidilic acid, Guanylic acid are all Nucleotides.
• So, the correct answer is 'Adenylic acid, Cytidilic acid, Guanylic acid'.

DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes DNA strands by adding deoxyribonucleotides to 3' end of the primer via phosphodiester bonds; it uses parental DNA as a template. Kary Mullis got Nobel prize, in 1993 in chemistry, for the invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).  PCR - technique amplify the gene of interest.

Polymerase chain reaction is a method of amplifying a specific segment of DNA by making multiple copies of it, using primers and DNA polymerase

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), sometimes described as genetic 'stutters,' are DNA tracts in which a short base-pair motif is repeated several to many times in tandem (e.g. CAGCAGCAG). These sequences experience frequent mutations that alter the number of repeats similar to Multigene Family, a set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene.

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I obtained from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I obtained from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. The function of DNA polymerase is to replicate, proofread and repair DNA.DNA polymerases add nucleotide bases only when an RNA primer, a short piece of RNA, is already present. 

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a method widely used to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. Using PCR, a single (or more) copy of a DNA sequence is exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment. Components of PCR include DNA template, DNA polymerase, two DNA primers, nucleotides.

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a method widely used to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. Using PCR, a single (or more) copy of a DNA sequence is exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment.

PCR is the short form for polymerase chain reaction which is the phenomenon which is used for amplification of the part-specific region of DNA as per our interest. Taq polymerase is the enzyme that attaches nucleotides together and help is the extension of primer end on the template DNA.

Taq polymerase is a heat stable enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify segments of DNA in the lab. 

Majorly the PCR is used in analyzing and determining purposes only not the transferring purposes. For transferring purpose vectors are used. In analyzing and determining purposes, the sample is limited i.e. if the sample gets destroyed no analysis can be carried out which can be a big problem in the investigation cases. So to have extra copies of the sample it is first amplified by PCR.

A. Thermus aquaticus is a thermophilic bacteria which survives at high temperatures. Thus it's DNA polymerase is evolved to synthesize DNA at high temperature. This DNA polymerase is commercially available as "Taq polymerase" and is used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

For making numerous copies of a specific segment of DNA three steps are required

A)