Public sector agency that is responsible for producing and marketing steel in India is SAIL, which stands for Steel Authority of India Limited. SAIL is one of the largest steel company in India and one of the top steel makers in world. SAIL has 5 integrated steel plants at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro and Burnpur and 3 special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur and Bhadravathi.

Chhattisgarh has the biggest Steel industry SAIL, with a capacity of 5.4 million per year, is regarded as a significant growth indicator of the state.

B. Mormugao

This belt inculdes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. The ores in these mines are not of very high quality. They are exported through Marmagao port. The richest ore deposits are located in North Goa. These areas have the advantage of river transport or ropeways for local transport and that of Marmagao port for exporting the ore. Most of Goa’s iron ore is exported to Japan.

• Bokaro steel plant is located in the district of Bokaro in the state of Jharkhand.
  
• It was founded with the assistance of Soviet Union or USSR.
  
• It was founded in the year 1964.  It is merged with the state-owned Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
  

Tata Iron And Steel Company (TISCO) is the oldest steel plant in the country. It was established by Jamshedji Tata in 1907 and its production started in 1911. 

Among the given options, Chhota Nagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.

Iron and steel is a basic industry and forms the backbone of industrial development in any country. It provides raw material for making machinery, electrical machinery, defence equipment, railway tracks, railways engines, bridges, dams, shops, automobiles, houses and a host of other industrial and consumer goods.

Steel Authority of India (SAIL) is the largest steel making company in the public sector. It produces iron and steel at five integrated plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Burnpur and three special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur and Bhadravati.

In the second Five Year Plan, the focus was mainly on heavy industries. The Indian government boosted manufacturing of industrial goods in the country. This was done primarily to develop the public sector. As many as five steel plants including the ones in Durgapur, Jamshedpur as well as Bhilai were set up as per the second five year plan. 

Bhilai.

As a leading iron and steel producing country, India does not need to import steel from other countries

After independence, during the second five-year plan, three new integrated steel plants were set up with foreign collaboration. In 1964 another one integrated steel plant was set up with foreign collaboration: 

Most of India's major iron and steel industries are located in Chota Nagpur Plateau region because of the availability of high-grade iron ore, good quality of coking coal and other supplementing raw material.

Industries are classified as heavy and light industries on the basis of the nature of raw materials and the finished products.

Bhilai is associated with the Iron and steel industry. Bhilai steel plant was set up with Russian collaboration in Durg district of Chattisgarh in 1959. This steel plant lies on the Kolkata- Mumbai railway route. The bulk of steel produced from this plant goes to Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam.

• TISCO stands for Tata Iron and Steel Corporation. It is a private sector owned company. It was founded by Jamshedji Tata in the year 1868. It is now owned by TATA sons.
  
• This steel plant is located in Jamshedpur a city of Jharkhand state which is located on the banks of river Subarnarekha and Kharkai. 
  

Bokaro is located in Jharkhand. Bokaro steel plant was set up in 1964 at Bokaro with Russian collaboration.

• China is the world’s largest steel producer. In 2015 world crude steel production was 1,599.5 million metric tonnes. Out of this China’s production was 803.83 million metric tonnes.
  
• Thus, it accounts for half of world’s steel production.
  

• Of the following countries Russia possesses a strong natural resource base for iron and steel industry.
  
• Almost 60% of iron ore reserves are located in the Kursk magnetic anomaly (KMA) in European Russia and about 15% are located in the Ural Mountains region.
  

In these given options Kanpur is different from the other three options because Bhilai, Bokaro, and Durgapur are related to Iron and steel industries.

All public sector undertakings market their steel through, Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) While TISCO markets its produce through Tata Steel.

• Asbestos is a mineral that is found in natural settings such as caves and outdoor deposits.
  
• Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals, 
  
• Amosite and crocidolite are considered the most hazardous asbestos fiber types; 
  
• All types of asbestos fibers are known to cause serious health hazards in humans.
  

The iron and steel industries are among the most important industries in India. India was the third-largest producer of raw steel in 2014-2016. But, in 2019 India became the 2nd largest steel producer in the world after China and the largest producer of sponge iron in the world.

• Bokaro steel plant is located in the district of Bokaro in the state of Jharkhand.
  
• It was founded with the assistance of Soviet Union or USSR.
  
• It was founded in the year 1964.  It is merged with the state-owned Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
  

India is fairly rich in iron ore deposits and some amount of iron is found in practically all parts of the country. India is the largest producer of iron in the Asian continent and is one of the largest iron-producing countries in the world.

• Sonipat is a district in the state of Haryana. It is the centre for cycle industry. Industrial development of this place started with the establishment of Atlas cycle factory in 1950s.
  
• Since then small and big industries have been established in the area.
  

On the basis of ownership, Industries are classified into four categories which are -

The Bhilai Steel Plant was established in Russian collaboration in Durg district of Chattisgarh in 1959. The iron ore comes from Dalli- Rajhara mine, Coal comes from Kobra and Kargali Coal field.

• Metal extraction from ores occurs in many different ways involving physical, chemical and electrical means. 
  
• Even ores of the same metal sometimes require different methods of separation depending on the concentration of the metal and its chemical composition within the ore.
  
• Ores are naturally occurring sources of metal. 

• Salem steel plant is located in Chennai the capital city of Tamil Nadu.
  
• Bhadravathi located in Shimoga district of Karnataka.
  
• Visakhapatnam steel plant popularly known as Vizag steel plant is located in Andhra Pradesh.
  
• Hyderabad, the capital city of newly formed state Telangana, is not associated with any steel plant.
  

Bhadravati is located in Shimoga district of Karnataka. It is known for the steel plant located there. It is owned by public sector organised company called SAIL. Name of the company located in Bhadravati is the Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant factory which was started by Sir M. Visvesvarayya.

Public sector agency that is responsible for producing and marketing steel in India is SAIL which stands for Steel Authority of India Limited.

SAIL is one of the largest steel company based in New Delhi and one of the top steel makers in the world. SAIL has 5 integrated steel plants at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro and Burnpur. It has three special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur and Bhadravati.

Steel plant located at Jamshedpur is Tata Steel plant. It is a private sector owned company. It was founded by Jamshedji Tata in the year 1868. It is now owned by TATA sons. 

• Among the given options, steel plants and their places of locations are correctly matched except Bhadravati steel plant.
  
• Bhadravati steel plant is located in Karnataka and not in Tamil Nadu.
  

• Alwaye, Renukoot and Muri are the centres of aluminium smelters.
  

• In opaque toothpaste, hydrated silica acts as a secondary abrasive.
  
•  Mica is from the phyllosilicate mineral family — powdered white mica is used in a number of cosmetics, including toothpaste, for its sparkle.
  
•  It is also used as a mild abrasive to aid in polishing of the tooth surface.
  

B.  b-i, d-ii, e-iii, c-iv, a-v

 Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. 

• Chota Nagpur plateau has maximum concentration of iron and steel industries like Jamshedpur and Bokaro producing each and every kind of steel products.
  
• This is because high grade hematite iron is found in this region. It includes places of Noamundi, Gua, Kolhan, Dharwar, Budabaru, etc. 40% of Indian iron and steel is obtained from this region.
  

• Panna is a city and a municipality in Panna district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
  
• It is famous for its diamond mines.
  
• In fact, Panna in Madhya Pradesh has the biggest and only diamond mines in  Asia.
  

China is the largest producer. China is also the world’s largest consumer of steel.

• There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in India. Smelting is nothing but extraction of aluminium from its ore.
  
• The smelting plants are at following places: Korba, Alupuram, Renukoot, Mettur, Hirakud, Angul, Jharsuguda and Faridabad.
  

• Rourkela steel plant is located in Durgapur of Odisha state. It was the first integrated steel plant established when second five year plan was in action.
  
• It was established with the help of German collaboration and operated by SAIL. This plant had installed capacity of one million tons in 1960s.
  

D.  As a leading iron and steel producing country, India does not need to import steel from other countries is the false statement.

Smelting is nothing but extraction of aluminium from its ore. Aluminium smelting plant’s location depends on availability of raw material and good supply of electricity. 

• Bhilai steel plant is an integrated steel plant located in the state of Chhattisgarh. It is the first and important producer of steel rails.
  
• This steel plant is established in the year 1955 with the help of USSR.
  

A.       Availability of Raw Materials.

The significance of raw materials in manufacturing industry is so fundamental that it needs no emphasizing. Indeed, the location of industrial enterprises is sometimes determined simply by location of the raw materials. Modern industry is so complex that a wide range of raw materials is necessary for its growth.

Industries can be classified according to their size

1.       Small Scale Industries

2.       Large Scale Industries

Size refers to the

• Amount of Capital Invested
• Number of People Employed
• Volume of Production

Small Scale Industries: Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans.

·         Small scale industries use very little capital.

·         The craftsmen follow traditional methods while making their products and modern technology has no place here.

·         The capital invested by small scale industries is very small.

·         Basket weaving, Pottery, handicrafts, silk weaving, food processing and dress-making are all small-scale Industries

Large Scale Industries: Large scale industries make huge investments and use modern technology in their manufacturing process.

·         Large scale industries invest huge capitals.

·         The technology used is very superior and the large quantities of the product are manufactured. Classification of Industries

·         The labor force involved in large scale industries is also very large.

·         Automobile industry, manufacture of consumer goods like Television sets, iron and steel industries can be classified under large scale industries.

Tata Iron and Steel Industry was established in 1907 by Jamshedji Tata. In terms of domestic production, Tata steel is largest company in India. Main plant of Tata Steel is located in Jamshedpur and registered office  is in Mumbai.

Bhillai Steel Plant is India's first producer and the main producer of steel rails and also various other steel products and the sole supplier of India's longest rail tracks, established in the year 1955 with the help of Russia then USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).

All public sector undertakings market their steel through the Steel Authority of India Ltd.(SAIL). As Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, and Bokaro steel plants are public sector industries so these come under the management of SAIL.

Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), in Rourkela, Odisha is the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India. It was set up with West German collaboration with an installed capacity of 1 million tonnes in the 1960s. It is operated by Steel Authority of India.

On 3 February 1959, then president Rajendra Prasad inaugurated RSP's first blast furnace named 'Parvati' when the company was known as Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL). Subsequently, the RSP became a unit of the Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL).

The Iron ans Steel Authority of India  consists of 10 integrated plants. Except TISCO, Jamshedpur, all the integrated plants are in the public sector and are managed and supervised by the Steel Authority of India. Indian Steel Authority is an integrated steel manufacturing company. SAIL has integrated plants at Bokaro i.e Bokaro Steel Plant, Durgapur i.e Durgapur Steel Plant, Rourkela i.e Rourkela Steel Plant. 

Vishakhapatnam Steel plant is the first shore-based, modern integrated steel plant in India. Vishakhapatnam's modern protected harbor and deep landlocked port facilitate import of raw material and export of finished goods.

Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL), a unit of Steel Authority of India Limited, is a plant involved in the production of alloy steels and pig iron. It is located in the city of Bhadravathi, India. It was started as the Mysore Iron Works on January 18, 1923 by Sir M Visvesvaraya. It is now a steel plant under the jurisdiction of the Steel Authority of India Limited.

Roukela Steel plant orissa gets its iron ore from Noamundi, Bonai, and Barsua.

Aluminium industry highly relies on Electricity.

Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL), a unit of Steel Authority of India Limited, is a plant involved in the production of alloy steels and pig iron. It is located in the city of Bhadravathi, India. It was started as the Mysore Iron Works on January 18, 1923 by Sir M Visvesvaraya. It is now a steel plant under the jurisdiction of the Steel Authority of India Limited.

IISCO Steel Plant of Steel Authority of India Limited, located at Burnpur in Asansol, is an integrated steel plant with an installed capacity of producing 2.5 million tonnes of liquid steel. The turbulent history of the plant, starting from its pioneering days, has found it a place in industrial history.

It was the second integrated steel plant, after Tata Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. (TISCO) at Jamshedpur, to come up in India and for many years, these two were the only steel plants in the country. It has rich history that goes back to 1870, the days when James Erskine pioneered the production of iron in the country, nearby Kulti. Modern metallurgy was introduced to India at Kulti with the setting up of the first blast furnace using coal instead of charcoal.

Bengal Iron Company of West Bengal was IISCO Steel Plant of Steel Authority of India Limited, located at Burnpur in Asansol. It was the second integrated steel plant, after Tata Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. (TISCO) at Jamshedpur, to come up in India and for many years, these two were the only steel plants in the country. It has rich history that goes back to 1870, the days when James Erskine pioneered the production of iron in the country, nearby Kulti. Modern metallurgy was introduced to India at Kulti with the setting up of the first blast furnace using coal instead of charcoal.

Established as an industrial enterprise in 1918, the steel plant called Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) produced iron from an open-top blast furnace at Hirapur (later to be called Burnpur) in West Bengal for the first time in 1922. This full-fledged integrated steel plant is one of India’s oldest. The plant manufactures a range of products, over some of which it holds exclusive market dominance. Iron and steel produced by it has been acknowledged as being of the finest quality. 

Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO). It was privately owned. After Independence, the government took the initiative and set up several iron and steel plants. TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.

Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently situated iron and steel centre in the country. It is located near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.

The Bokaro steel plant has been set up with the assistance of former USSR. Bokaro Steel Plant (BSP) is located in the Bokaro district of Jharkhand. It is the fourth integrated public sector steel plant in India built with Soviet help. It was incorporated as a limited company in 1964. It was later merged with the state-owned Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).

Bokaro Thermal Power Station B is located at Bokaro district in Jharkhand, 44 km from the Bokaro Steel City and is about 55 km from Dhanbad city.. The nearest railway station is Bokaro Thermal. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of DVC.

The Bhadravati Steel Plant is the only plant at Karnataka.

Per capita consumption of steel is nothing but the quantity of steel utilized by a person. India is 9th among the world crude steel producers and produces 32.8 million tons of steel. India is the largest producer of sponge iron. But per capita consumption of steel is only 32 kg per annum.

From the above table it is clear that most of the steel plants are present towards the eastern India.