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Huygens wave theory and wavefront - class-XI

Description: huygens wave theory and wavefront
Number of Questions: 52
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Choose the Correct answer from alternative given.
The phenomena which is not explained by Huygen's construction of wavefront.

  1. reflection

  2. diffraction

  3. refraction

  4. origin of spectra


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The Huygen's construction of wavefront does not explain the phenomena of spectra.

Choose the Correct answer from alternative given.
Wavefront is the locus of all points, where the particles of the medium vibrate with the same

  1. phase

  2. amplitude

  3. frequency

  4. period


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Wavefront is the locus of all points, where the particles of the medium vibrate with the same phase.

Choose the Correct answer from alternative given.
The idea of secondary wavelets for the propagation of a wave was first given by:

  1. Newton

  2. Huygens

  3. Maxwell

  4. Fresnel


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

According to the Huygens theory, all the points on a  wavefront act as source for a secondary wavefront or a wavelet which spread outward from the point and move at the speed of light.

The phenomena which is not explained by Huygen's construction of the wavefront

  1. reflection

  2. diffraction

  3. refraction

  4. origin of spectra


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The Huygen's construction of wavefront does not explain the phenomena of origin of spectra.

Wavefront is the locus of all points, where the particles of the medium vibrate with the same.

  1. phase

  2. amplitude

  3. frequency

  4. period


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Wavefront is the locus of all points, where the particles of the medium vibrate with the same phase

The wavelength of characteristic $X \text { -ray } K _ { \alpha }$ a line emitted by hydrogen like atom is $0.32 \mathrm { A } ^{ \circ }$. The wavelength of $K _ { \beta }$ line emitted by the same element is 

  1. $0.21 { \mathrm { A } }$

  2. $0.27 \mathrm { A }$

  3. $0.33 \mathrm { A }$

  4. $0.40 \hat { \mathrm { A } }$


Correct Option: A

A transverse wave travelling in a denser medium is reflected from a rarer medium. Then, 

  1. an incident crest is reflected as a crest

  2. an incident crest is reflected as a trough

  3. there is a phase change of $2\pi$ rad

  4. there is a phase change of $\pi/2$ rad


Correct Option: A

The radius of a wavefront as the waves propagate

  1. decreases

  2. increases

  3. becomes zero

  4. sometimes decreases and sometimes increases.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

As the waves propagates, it goes on creating secondary sources of light, resulting in increase in its radius.

Huygens principle of secondary waves

  1. allow us to find the focal length of a thick convex lens.

  2. give us the magnifying power of the microscope.

  3. is a geometrical method to find, the position of a wave front.

  4. is used to determine the velocity of light.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Huygens's Principle states that every point on a wavefront is a source of secondary wavelets, which spread forward at the same speed.

Thus is enables to find the position of wavefront.

The wave front due to a source situated at infinity is :

  1. spherical

  2. cylindrical

  3. planar

  4. none of these


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • when you considered it a large distance and measuring justice Mall section of it then it can be considered to be plane wavefront source at Infinity 
  • example the one coming from sun to earth surface is considered to be plain VU friend from light diverging from a point source will be spherical
  • So, the wave front due to a source situated at infinity is planar
  • Option  C is the right answer

Which of the following phenomena can be used to analyse a beam of light into its component wavelength?

  1. Reflection

  2. Refraction

  3. Polarisation

  4. Interference


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
  • Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves  also experience refraction. 
  • How much a wave is refracted is determined by the change in wave speed and the initial direction of wave propagation relative to the direction of change in speed.
  • Hence refraction is used to analyse a beam of light into its component wavelength
  • Option B is the right answer

Huygen's concept of wavelets is useful in

  1. explaining polarisation

  2. determining focal length of lenses

  3. determining chromatic aberration

  4. geometrical reconstruction of a wavefront


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Huygens considered that light was propagated in longitudinal waves.
Huygen's concept explained the direction of propagation of light waves by geometrical reconstruction of wavefront. 

Ray optics is valid when characteristic dimensions are

  1. of the same order as the wavelength of light

  2. much smaller than the wavelength of light

  3. much larger than the wavelength of light

  4. of the order of 1 mm


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Ray optics is valid when characteristics dimensions are larger than the wavelength of the light, so that rectilinear property of light can be used.

Who first proposed that light was wave-like in character ?

  1. Huygens

  2. Newton

  3. Young

  4. Maxwell


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Huygens 

In 1678, Dutch physcist, christian Huygens beived that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of the light travels, and therefore formulated a way of visualising wave propagation. This became known as Huygens Principe. 

A : The phase difference between any two points on a wave front is zero
R : From the source light, reaches every point on the wave front in the same time.

  1. Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A

  2. Both A and R are true, and R is not correct explanation of A

  3. A is true but R is false

  4. A is false but R is true


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A wave front is the locus of points having the same phase.
Thus statement A is true because the phase difference is zero as all points have same phase.
Statement R is true because a wavefront is composed of all points where the light reaches from the source in the same time.
As light takes the same time it has the same phase at all points on a wavefront and hence it correctly explains statement A.

1: Primary waves can travel in all directions in an ether
2: Secondary waves can travel only in backward in an ether

  1. 1 is true, 2 is false

  2. Both 1 and 2 are true

  3. 1 is false, 2 is true

  4. Both 1 and 2 are false


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Primary wave can travel in all directions in ether.
Secondary waves can travel in forward direction in ether

According to Huygens, the ether medium pervading entire universe is

  1. Less elastic and more dense

  2. Highly elastic and less dense

  3. Not elastic

  4. Much heavier


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Huygen considered, light needs a medium to propagate  called ether which is highly elastic and less denser.

The wave theory of light, in its original form, was first postulated by.

  1. Isaac Newton

  2. Christian Huygens

  3. Thomas Young

  4. Augustin Jean Fresnel


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

B

In 1678, Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens,  believed that the light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of the light travels and therefore formulated away of visualising wave propagation. This becomes know as Huygens principle. Huygens theory was the successful theory of light in three dimensions. Huygens suggested that the light wave peaks form from surfaces like the layers of onion. In a vacuum or other uniform mediums the light waves are spherical and these wave surfaces advance or spread out as they travel at the speed if light. This theory explains why light shining through a pinhole or slitwall spread out rather than going in straight lines. 

Which experiment seemed to make it clear that light propogates as a wave?

  1. Milikan's oil drop experiment

  2. The Michelson-Morley experiment

  3. Young's double-slit experiment

  4. Fresnel's lens experiment

  5. Lenz's proof of Lenz's law


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Young's double slit experiment 
The double slit experiment is a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both classically defined waves and particles. Moreover it displays the fundamentally probabislistic nature of quantum mechanical phenomena

Wave front formed by the collimator of a spectrometer

  1. Plane

  2. Spherical

  3. Cylindrical

  4. Paraboloidal


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Wave front formed by the collimator of a spectrometer is a plane wave front, when r lit is in the focus.

Indentify the correct statement from the following

  1. Wave nature of light was proposed by Huygen.

  2. The direction of light ray and its wave front are opposite.

  3. Huygen's wave theory could not explain phenomenon of reflection.

  4. A monochromatic ray of light after passing through the prism should be made of one colour only.


Correct Option: A,D
Explanation:

Huygen's wave theory: This wave theory was given by Huygens in 1678. According to this theory, a source of light propagates spherical waves in hypothetical.

In optics a ray is an idealized model of light, obtained by choosing a line that is perpendicular to the wavefronts of the actual light, and that points in the direction of energy flow.
Huygen’s wave theory could easily explain reflection, energy transmission, and refraction, but had difficulty explaining the straight line travel of light.
When a ray of monochromatic light would pass through a prism, you would see it refract but it will not disperse as its a beam of single wavelength. When light enters a medium with a different density it bends (refracts). Because white light contains a collection of component colors with varying wavelengths.

Huygen's concept of secondary wave

  1. allow up to find the focal length of a thick lens

  2. is a geometrical method to find a wavefront

  3. is used to determine the velocity of light

  4. is used to explain polarization


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Huygen proposed a hypothesis for the geometrical construction of the position of a common wavefront at any instant during the propagations of waves in a medium.

The wavefront of a lightbeam is given by the equation $x+2y+3z=c$,(where c is arbitary constant) the angle made by the direction of light with the y-axis is:

  1. ${ cos }^{ -1 }\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 14 } } $

  2. ${ cos }^{ -1 }\frac { 2 }{ \sqrt { 14 } } $

  3. ${ sin }^{ -1 }\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 14 } } $

  4. ${ sin }^{ -1 }\frac { 2 }{ \sqrt { 14 } } $


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Given,

Direction of light, $\vec n=\hat i+2\hat j+3\hat k$
The angle made by the direction of light with y-axis is
$cos\beta=\hat n.\hat j$
$cos\beta=\dfrac{\vec n}{|\vec n|}.\hat j$
$cos\beta=\dfrac{(\hat i+2\hat j+3\hat k).(0\hat i+\hat j+0\hat k)}{\sqrt{(1)^2+(2)^2+(3)^2}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{14}}$
$\beta=cos^{-1}\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{14}}$
The correct option is B.

In which of the following cases do we obtain a plane wave front?

  1. Light emitted by a point source in an isotropic medium

  2. Light emerging from a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus

  3. Light of the sun reaching the earth

  4. Light diverging from a slit.


Correct Option: A

The two coherent sources of equal intensity produce maximum intensity of $100$ units at a point. If the intensity of one of the sources is reduced by $50\%$ by reducing its width then the intensity of light at the same point will be

  1. 90

  2. 81

  3. 67

  4. 72.85


Correct Option: B

 For what distance ray optics a good approximation when the aperture is 4 mm wide and the wavelength is 500nm?

  1. $32m$

  2. $69 m$

  3. $16 m$

  4. $8 m$


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The Good approximation distance till ray optics or valid is given by Fresnel distance which is given by
$z _f=\dfrac{a^2}{\lambda}$
$z _f$ is distance till which diffraction effects of light can be neglected.
$a=$ aperature$=4\times 10^{-3}m$
$\lambda =$wavelength$=500\times 10^{-9}$m
$z _f=\dfrac{(4\times 10^{-3})^2}{(500\times 10^{-9})m}$
$=\dfrac{16\times 10^{-6}}{500\times 10^{-9}}$
$=0.032\times 10^3$m
$\therefore z _f=32m$.

A monochromatic light is incident on a single slit of width $24\times 10^{-5}\ cm$. Calculate wavelength of light if angular position of $1^{st}$ secondary maxima is $30^{o}$.

  1. $8000\ A^{o}$

  2. $12000\ A^{o}$

  3. $6000\ A^{o}$

  4. $16000\ A^{o}$


Correct Option: C

At the first minimum adjacent to the central maximum of a single slit diffraction plate the phase difference between the huygens wavelet from the edge of the slit and the wavelet from the midpoint of the slate

  1. $\pi/8$

  2. $\pi/4$

  3. $\pi/2$

  4. $\pi$


Correct Option: D

If light waves emitted by an ordinary source, for what period of time, the phase remains constant :-

  1. $10 sec$

  2. $1 sec$

  3. $10^{-3}$ sec

  4. $10^{-8}$ sec


Correct Option: B

According to Huygen's theory of light

  1. light is stream of photon

  2. light is wave

  3. light behaves as particle

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B

In the case of parallel beam,

  1. intensity gradually increases

  2. intensity gradually decreases

  3. intensity remains constant

  4. None of these


Correct Option: D

Huygen's theory of light

  1. explain reflection and refraction of light

  2. explain scattering of light

  3. explain interference of light, diffraction of light

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: C

According to huygen's theory of secondary waves,following can be explained-

  1. Propagation of light in medium

  2. Reflection of light

  3. Refrection of light

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: A,B

Huygen's theory of secondary waves can be used of find-

  1. Velocity of light

  2. The wavelength of light

  3. Wave front geometrically

  4. Magnifying power of microscope


Correct Option: B

Huygen's theory of secondary waves can be used to find-

  1. Velocity of light

  2. The wavelength of light

  3. Wave front geometrically

  4. Magnifying power of microscope.


Correct Option: B

Coherent sources can be obtained:

  1. only by division of wave front

  2. only by division of amplitude

  3. both by division of amplitude and wave front

  4. none of the above


Correct Option: C

The wave theory in its original form was first postulated by 

  1. Issac Newton

  2. Thomas Young

  3. Christian Huygens

  4. Augustine Jean Fresnel


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Christian Huygens postulated wave theory.

Assertion  $(A):$  Microwaves are better carries of signals than optical waves
Reason  $(R):$  Microwaves move faster than optical waves

  1. Both $A$ and $R$ are true and $R$ is correct explanation of $A$

  2. Both $A$ and $R$ are true and $R$ is not the correct explanation of $A$

  3. $A$ is true but $R$ is false

  4. $A$ is false but $R$ is true


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
A frequency of an optical wave is more than the microwave so optical waves are better canes of the signal, therefore, A is false. In medium (other than vacuum) speed of 0 microwaves 1A greater than optical wave hence R 1A true.
Ans. (D)

A wave pulse traveling on a two piece string, gets partially reflected and partially transmitted at the junction. The reflected wave is inverted in shape as compared to incident one. If the incident wave has wavelength  $\lambda$  and transmitted wave has  $\lambda ',$  then

  1. $\lambda '> \lambda$

  2. $\lambda' = \lambda$

  3. $\lambda' < \lambda$

  4. none


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Reflected wave is inverted hence second medium is dir sec with respect to first medium. $\lambda ' < \lambda $

$\frac{{\lambda '}}{t} < \frac{\lambda }{t} \Rightarrow \lambda ' < \lambda $
Ans. (C)

The wave front due to a point source at a finite distance from the source is -

  1. Spherical

  2. Cylindrical

  3. Plane

  4. Circular


Correct Option: C

Particle nature and wave nature of electomagnetic waves can be shown by

  1. electron has small mass, deflected by the metal sheet

  2. X-ray is diffracted a, reflected by thick metal sheet

  3. light is refracted and diffracted

  4. light is polarised and shows photoelectric effect.


Correct Option: D

Which of the following statements indicates that light waves are transverse 

  1. Light waves can travel in vacuum

  2. Light waves show interference

  3. Light waves can be polarized

  4. Light waves can be diffracted


Correct Option: C

On a hot summer night,the refractive index of air is smallest near the ground and increases with height from the ground. When a light beam is directed horizontally , the Huygen's principle leads us to conclude that as it travel,the light beam:

  1. bends downwards

  2. bends upwards

  3. becomes narrower

  4. goes horizontally without any deflection


Correct Option: C

Huygens' principle is used to

  1. obtain the new position of wavefront geometrically

  2. explain principle of superposition of waves

  3. explain interference

  4. explain polarization


Correct Option: C

When light suffers reflection at the interface between water and glass, the change of phase in the reflected wave is

  1. Zero

  2. $\pi$

  3. $\pi$/2

  4. 2$\pi$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

On reflection from denser medium, phase reversal occurs i.e. phase change $=\pi$ takes place, because glass is much denser than water.

On reflection from a plane surface, the following two characteristics get changed :

  1. Wavelength

  2. Frequency

  3. Velocity

  4. Amplitude


Correct Option: C,D
Explanation:

On reflection from a plane surface velocity and amplitude of the incident ray changes whereas wavelength and frequency does not change.

Huygen's originally thought that for the propagation of light waves wavefront is required.

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The above statement is true.

As Huygens' principle lets you predict where a given wavefront will be in the future, if you have the knowledge of where the given wavefront is in the present.

The wave theory of Light was proposed by ...............

  1. Newton

  2. Huygens

  3. Frenel

  4. Yung


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Newton has given the theory that light is made of tiny particles. In 1678, Dutch physicist, Christiaan Huygens, believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of light, and therefore formulated a way of visualizing wave propagation. This known as 'Huygens' Principle'. 

Who proposed wave nature of light ?

  1. Huygen

  2. Young

  3. Fresnel

  4. Maxwell


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Huygens believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of  the light travels. This is known as 'Huygens' Principle' According to this theory, light waves are spherical, and these wave surfaces advance or spread out as they travel at the speed of light. This theory explains why light shining through a pin hole or slit will spread out rather than going in a straight line.

The shape of the nodal curves is 

  1. Elliptical

  2. Parabolic

  3. Hyperbolic

  4. Circular


Correct Option: C

Mark the CORRECT statements(s)

  1. Direction of wave propagation is along the normal to wavefront.

  2. For a point source of light, the shape of wavefront can be considered to be plane at very large

    distance from the source.

  3. A point source of light is placed at the focus of a thin spherical lens, then the shape of the wavefront for emerged light may be plane.

  4. The shape of the wavefront for the light incident on a thin spherical lens (kept in vacuum) is plane, the shape of the wavefront corresponding to emergent light would be always spherical.


Correct Option: A,B,C,D
Explanation:

According to convention, direction of wave propagation is along the normal to wavefront.

The wavefront of a point source of light is spherical. A sphere with large radius is like a plane at its surface. Thus for a point source of light, the shape of wavefront can be considered to be plane at very large distance from the source.
Beam of light from a point source emerges parallel to principle axis when kept at focus of a thin spherical lens. Thus the wavefront emergent from the lens is planar.

A: The corpuscular theory fails in explaining the velocities of light in air and water.
B: According to corpuscular theory, the light should travel faster in a 'denser medium than in a rarer medium.

  1. If both A and B are true but the B is the correct explanation of A

  2. If both A and B are true but the B is not the correct explanation of A

  3. If A is true but B is false

  4. If both the A and B are false

  5. If B is true but A is false


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Corpuscular theory fails to explain the velocity of light in air and water because it predicted light to have more velocity in denser medium where as the fact is just the opposite. So option (a) is correct.

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