Infectious diseases and how to prevent them - class-V
Description: infectious diseases and how to prevent them | |
Number of Questions: 51 | |
Created by: Garima Pandit | |
Tags: emerging issues in indian economy evs - i infrastructure health and diseases population and human resource development evs public health and the government social science rural economics biology infectious diseases and how to prevent them communicable diseases economics diseases and immunity tertiary sector |
Epidemiological triad refers to _____________________.
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Host, disease and environment
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Host, agent and environment
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Host, agent and disease
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Agent, disease and environment
Among many epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for an infectious disease (The triad ) consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment. So, the correct option B ( Host, agent, and environment )
The granulocyte to arrive first at the site of an infection is
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Neutrophile
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Eosinophil
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Basophil
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All of these
Neutrophils. The first immune cells that arrive at an injured site are mostly neutrophils, which are quick-response immune cells that recognize and destroy bacteria.
Which is an infectious disease?
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Coronary thrombosis
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HIV
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Diabetes mellitus
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Diptheria
Infectious diseases are those diseases which are caused by microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, virus, parasites. HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). It is a sexually transmitted disease. Diphtheria is caused by bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria. It affects the mucous membrane of throat and upper respiratory tract. Coronary thrombosis is a disease that results due to accumulation of blood clot on the walls of arteries. Diabetes mellitus is a disease that results due to insufficient production of insulin in the body.
At the time of birth presence of which antibody indicates the infection of foetus?(Intrauterine infection)
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IgG
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IgD
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IgM
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IgA
Which of the following disease is caused by a proteinaceous infectious agent?
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Potato spindle tuber disease
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Spongiform encephalopathy
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Red rust of tea
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White rust of members of cruciferae
The limitations that are normally confronted while treating an infectious disease is/are
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Body functions are impaired and may never recover completely
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The patient is confined to bed for some time
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Infected person serves as a potential source of spread of infectious disease to other persons
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All of the above
The limitations that are confronted while treating an infectious disease are that the impaired body functions happened due to the infection cannot recover completely, the patient is asked to have complete bed rest and infectious disease can spread from one person to another as it a contentious disease.
Which of the following symptoms indicate red sickness ?
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Red and ulcerated skin
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Nausea and anaemia
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Nausea and loss of hair
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Ulcerated skin, nausea and loss of hair
Pellagra or red sickness is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by chronic lack of Vitamin B3 in the diet. It can also be caused by the decreased intake of niacin or tryptophan. Described as three D's diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia, this is indicated by symptoms such as dermatitis, alopecia or hair loss, edema or swelling, red skin lesions, weakness and mental confusion.
Which one of the following groups of diseases spreads through mosquito bites among humans?
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Dengue fever, Viral encephalitis, Yellow fever
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Malaria, Filariasis, Poliomyelitis
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Filariasis, Malaria, Ascariasis
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Ancylostomiasis, Ringworm, Dengue fever
Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illness are disease caused by bacterial, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. They can transmit disease without being affected themselves. Mosquito vectored diseases include protozoan diseases, i.e., malaria, filarial diseases, and viruses such as dengue, encephalitis and yellow fever.
Which of the following spreads through blood transfusion?
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Hepatitis
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Measles
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AIDS
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Polio
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Both A and C
Influenza, chicken pox, measles are spread by
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Vectors
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Viruses
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Skin-to-skin contact
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Droplet infection
- Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (commonly known as chickenpox), influenza are the chronic diseases of a virus.
- These can be prevented from spreading by using vaccines. This vaccine works by prior exposure of a small dose of the virus or a protein from the virus, which activates the immune response.
A disease spread indirectly through a vector is
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Sleeping sickness
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Malaria
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Kala-azar
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All of the above
How does an infection get transmitted ?
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Person to person
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From animals
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From food
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All of the above
Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals. And others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.
Diseases that are transmitted through insect vectors are
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Leprosy, Plague, Elephantiasis
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Malaria, Filariasis, Gambia fever
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Plague, Measles, Mumps
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Malaria, Cholera, Typhoid
Vector borne diseases are illnesses caused by an infectious microbe that is transmitted to vertebrates by another animal, usually an arthropod. This second animal is called a vector for the disease. There are a large number of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases that can be transmitted by insect vectors. The most common vectors are blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice, biting flies, bugs, lice, helminths and ticks. Most common vector borne diseases affecting people and their vectors are: malaria -anopheles mosquitoes, dengue and chikungunya - aedes mosquitoes, Leishmaniasis (kala azar) - sandflies, trypanosomiasis (gambia fever) - flies and bugs, filariasis - mosquitoes, encephalitis - mosquitoes and ticks, yellow fever - mosquito, plague - flies, lyme disease - ticks etc.
Select the incorrect statement.
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Disease literally means distributed ease.
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The phenomenon of growth, multiplication and establishment of an infections agent in host cells is known as infection.
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The parasite which causes the disease in an individual is called as host.
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Epidemology is the science that deals with occurrence, distribution and control of a disease.
Pathogen is an infectious agent such as a virus, bacterium, prion, fungus, viriod or parasite that causes disease in its host. The host may be an animal, a plant, a fungus, or even another microorganism.
A person had snacks from a street vendor, also drank water. He was later diagnosed with an infection. What was the mode of transmission of the disease?
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Both (b) and (c)
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Contaminated water
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Contamination through the vendor if he is infected
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Coughing of the healthy person standing next to him
Food prepared in unhygienic conditions can lead to diseases. Use of contaminated water, dirty utensils, not washing raw materials before cooking, inappropriate cooking practices are all source of contamination and can result in infection. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
Infectious agents are also known as _________
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Pathogens
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Transmitters
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Carriers
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All of the above
Pathogen is the term used to describe an infectious agent that causes disease in the host. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
Which of the following are carriers of infectious agents ?
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Air
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Water
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Soil
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All of the above
Air, water and soil are carriers of infectious organisms. Soil can cause contamination of plants and infect them and hence, the human. Air is the most common carriers of pathogens around us. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.
How is infection transferred from one human to another ?
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Coughing or sneezing
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Both A and C
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Through contaminated hands
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Through soil
There are numerous ways through which infections can be transmitted. Coughing by the infected person can cause transfer as the organisms coming out are inhaled by the healthy person. No use of proper sanitization can also cause transmission of diseases. Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.
What is latent infection?
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Does not show signs and symptoms at first
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It can be treated at the earliest
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Shows signs and symptoms at the earliest
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Both B and C
Latent infection is one which do not show any signs or symptoms at first but can naturally develop over time. Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.
Which of the following groups of the disease, the causative microorganism and disease symptom is/are true?
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Malaria - Protozoan - Fever and chill
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Hepatitis-B - Virus - Swollen liver
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Cholera - Bacteria - Vomiting and diarrhoea
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All of the above
Match the following diseases in column-I with their pathogens in column-II.
Column-I | Column-II | ||
---|---|---|---|
a. | Measles | 1. | Protozoa |
b. | Cholera | 2. | Virus |
c. | Kalaazar | 3. | Bacteria |
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a-1, b-3, c-2
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a-1, b-2, c-3
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a-2 ,b-1, c-3
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a-2, b-3, c-1
Measles is caused by the type of paramyxovirus known as rubella virus.
Hemorrhagic Septicaemia is also known as ___________.
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Pasturellosis
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Shipping fever
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Ghatsurp
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All of the above
Explanation: It is an actual infectious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat. It distances transportation. In India, the disease is enzootic in nature. Etiology environmental conditions, malnutrition and long distance transportation. In India, the disease is enzootic in nature.
Diseases that spread by vectors, such as mosquitoes, are
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Encephalitis and Malaria.
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Syphilis and AIDS.
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Tuberculosis and Sleeping sickness.
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Kala-azar and SARS.
Encephalitis is the disorder in which there is inflammation of the meninges of the brain. This disease may be caused due to bacterial or viral infection and is transmitted by the vector which is the Culex mosquito. Malaria is a disorder which is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium vivax. The disease is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.
Which disease is spread by Housefly?
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Dengue fever
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Encephalitis
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Filariasis
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Gangrene.
$\rightarrow $ Gangrene.
Vectors are
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Physalia, Musca domestica and Anopheles
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Amoeba Physalia and Musca
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Anopheles, Musca and Culex
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All the above.
- A disease vector is an agent who carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.
- Female Anopheles mosquito serves as vector for malaria.
- Musa(house fly)serves as a vector for at least 65 diseases to humans, including typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, poliomyelitis, yaws, anthrax, tularemia, leprosy, and tuberculosis.
- Culex mosquito serves as a vector for arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis.
- Hence Vectors are Anopheles, Musca, and Culex.
- So, the correct answer is 'Anopheles, Musca, and Culex'.
Droplet infection is a mode of
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Direct transmission
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Indirect transmission
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Pathogen spread through mosquitoes
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Fomite transmission
Droplet infection is an infection transmitted from one individual to another by droplets of moisture expelled from the upper respiratory tract through sneezing or coughing. Direct transmission occurs when there is physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person. Droplet infection is a mode of direct transmission in which the infection is transmitted by coughing, sneezing.
Out of pneumonia, gangrene, yellow fever, dengue fever, malaria and elephantiasis, mosquitoes transmit diseases
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6
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4
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3
-
2.
- Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include: malaria, dengue,Yellow fever,Elephantiasis West Nile virus, chikungunya, filariasis, tularemia, dirofilariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River fever, Barmah Forest fever, La Crosse encephalitis, and Zika fever,as well as newly detected Keystone virus and Rift Valley fever.
- Out of pneumonia, gangrene, yellow fever, dengue fever, malaria and elephantiasis, mosquitoes transmit 4 diseases they are Yellow fever, dengue, malaria, and elephantiasis.
- So, the correct answer is '4'.
Vector insects are which
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Spread disease
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Destroy crop
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Spoil soil
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Act as scavengers.
- A disease vector is an agent who carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.
- Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria that are spread by insects like mosquitoes, sandflies, triatomine bugs, black flies, ticks, tsetse flies, mites, snails and lice. For example, Female Anopheles mosquito is a vector for malaria.
- Hence Vector insects are which spread disease.
- So, the correct answer is 'Spread disease'.
A disease spread indirectly through a vector is
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Sleeping sickness
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Malaria
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Kala-azar
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All of the above
- African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly which acts as a vector.
- Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by Plasmodium species. The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito which acts as a vector.
- Kala-azar is a disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to genus Leishmania. The disease is transmitted by insects which act as vectors such as sand fly.
A biological agent of the disease is
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Vitamin deficiency
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Virus
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Spores
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Carbohydrate deficiency
Biological agents which cause disease are known as pathogens that are the micro-organisms which when successfully infect the human body, multiply and produce toxins in incubation period which interfere with the normal functioning of the body and cause disease. A virus is a small, infectious, biological agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
Which of the following human parasites require mosquito to complete their life cycle?
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Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti
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Ascaris lumbricoides and Leishmania donovani
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Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium ovale
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Plasmodium ovale and Wuchereria bancrofti
- Malaria is caused by a one-celled parasite called a Plasmodium. Female Anopheles mosquitoes pick up the parasite from infected people when they bite to obtain blood needed to nurture their eggs. Inside the mosquito, the parasites reproduce and develop.
- In Filariasis, mosquitoes can transmit the parasite, depending on the geographic area. In Africa, the most common vector is Anopheles. During a meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the wound.
- Hence, Plasmodium ovale and Wuchereria bancrofti human parasites require mosquito to complete their life cycle.
- So, the correct answer is 'Plasmodium ovale and Wuchereria bancrofti'
A fomite method of transmission of disease is through
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Food
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Door handles
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Mosquitoes
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Soil
A fomite is any nonliving object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms, such as viruses or bacteria, and hence transferring them from one individual to another. Fomites are associated particularly with hospital-acquired infections, as they are possible routes to pass pathogens between patients. Researchers have discovered that smooth (non-porous) surfaces like doorknobs transmit bacteria and viruses better than porous materials like paper money.
A droplet infection is
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Tetanus
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Pneumonia
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Syphilis
-
Typhoid
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms include some combination of a productive or a dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Pneumonia may spread via airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases.
Which is not a contact poison?
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DDT
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BHC
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Endrin
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Lead arsenate
Which of the following is not spread by droplet method?
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Measles
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Diphtheria
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Pertussis
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Gonorrhoea
- Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus. Symptoms include fever, often greater than 40 °C, cough, runny nose, and inflamed eyes. Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of infected people.
- Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Symptoms include a sore throat and fever. In severe cases, a grey or white patch develops in the throat. Diphtheria is usually spread between people by direct contact or through the air (droplet).
- Pertussis, commonly known as a Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial disease. Symptoms include a runny nose, fever, and cough. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.
- Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Symptoms include burning with urination, discharge from the penis, or testicular pain. Women may have burning with urination, vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, or pelvic pain. Hence, it is not transmitted by droplets.
Assertion : Pork should be properly cooked to avoid Taenia infection.
Reason : Pork of pig contains Hexacanth and cysticerci larvae.
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If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
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If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
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If assertion is true but reason is false.
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If the assertion and reason both are false.
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If assertion is false but reason is true.
Which is correctly matched
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Typhoid , Salmonella typhi, With inspired air
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Pneumonia ,Streptococcus pnemoniae,Drpolet infection
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Elephantiasis,Wuchereria bancrofti,Contaminated water and food
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Malaria,Plasmodium vivax,bite of male Anopheles
- Droplet infection is an infection transmitted from one individual to another by droplets of moisture expelled from the upper respiratory tract through sneezing or coughing.
- Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Symptoms include a cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills and difficulty breathing.
- The bacteria that are commonly found in the nose or throat, can infect the lungs if they are inhaled. They may also spread via airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze.
- So, the correct answer is '.Pneumonia ,Streptococcus pnemoniae,Droplet infection'.
Vectors can be defined as
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Organisms carrying the infectious agents from a sick person to a healthy person
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Microorganisms which can cause many diseases
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Infected person
-
Diseased plants
Vectors are the organisms, which carries the infectious agents from sick person to another healthy person. For example, mosquito carries malarial parasite from infected person to healthy person. Therefore, option A is correct.
Which of the following diseases does not require use of antibiotics?
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Diptheria
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Polio
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Hepatitis
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Malaria
The vector of Kluchereria bancrofti is
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Aedes
-
Culex
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Anopheles
-
Pediculus
Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic roundworm that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. W. bancrofti carries out its lifecycle in two hosts. Humans serve as the definitive host and mosquitos as the intermediate host or vector. The microfilariae are transferred into a vector i.e., female Culex mosquito. Hence, female Culex act as a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.
Which of the following infections is transmitted chiefly from person to person
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Viral encephalitis
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Meningococcal meningitis
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Eastern equine encephalitis
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All the above
- Meningitis is the Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection.
- If the meningitis is caused by bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, it is called as Meningococcal meningitis.
- Symptoms include pain in sudden high fever, severe persistent headache, neck stiffness, nausea or vomiting, joint pains, drowsiness, confusion, etc.
- People spread meningococcal bacteria to other people by sharing respiratory and throat secretions (saliva or spit) when they cough or sneezes.
- Hence Meningococcal meningitis infection is transmitted chiefly from person to person.
- So, the correct answer is 'Meningococcal meningitis.
When children play bare-footed in pools of dirty water and flood water, they may suffer from
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Leptospirosis and bilharzia
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Malaria, amoebic dysentery and leptospirosis
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Bilharzia, infective hepatitis and diarrhoea
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Guineaworm infection, elephantiasis and amoebic dysentery
When children play barefoot in pools of dirty water and flood water, they may suffer from Leptospirosis and bilharzia.
- Leptospirosis occurs due to a bacteria of the genus Leptospira and can occur through direct contact with urine from infected animals or through water, soil or food contaminated with their urine, this can happen on swimming or wading in fresh unchlorinated water contaminated with animal urine or by coming into contact with wet soil or plants contaminated with animal urine.
- Bilharzia is caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes and is transmitted by snails that carry the parasite. It occurs when ponds, streams and irrigation canals harbour bilharzia-transmitting snails, where the parasites may penetrate the human skin to enter the bloodstream and migrate to the liver, intestines and other organs.
In which one of the following cases can you catch the infection if you come in contact with an infected person?
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Blood cancer
-
High blood pressure
-
Diabetes
-
Sneezing
Disease causing microbes can spread through the air. This occurs through the little droplets thrown out by an infected person who sheezes or coughs. Another person standing close by can breathe in these droplets and the microbes infect him also. Diseases which spread like this are common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Choose the correct match:
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First line defence - Fever
-
Second line defence - CMI
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Third line defence - AMI
-
Fourth line defence - pH of vagina
The first line of defence | It includes the physical and chemical barriers, that defend the body from infection. e.g. tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, fever. |
---|---|
The second line of defence | It is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body from infections. It mainly occurs through macrophages, neutrophils, interferons. |
Third line of defence | It occurs through the specific immune system. e.g. B- cells (antibodies) and T- cells |
Fourth line of defence | There are only three line defence in the human body |
So, the correct answer is 'Option 'First line defence - Fever' and 'Third line defence - AMI'.'
Which, of the following cannot be detected in a developing foetus by amniocentesis?
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Jaundice
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Downs syndrome
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Cystic fibrosis
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Colour blindness
Amniocentesis is used to detect hereditary and enzymatic abnormalities in the foetus. Down's syndrome cystic fibrosis and colourblindness are genetic disorders while jaundice is an infectious disease.
The world's largest industry in the private sector and highest projected generator of jobs is ________.
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Business services
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Health services
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Professional services
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Education services
Which of the following state has excelled in health and sanitation in India?
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Karnataka
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Andhra Pradesh
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Telangana
-
Kerala
Sikkim, Haryana, and Kerala, nevertheless, excelled in sanitation programmes, with Sikkim topping with 100 percent sanitation coverage. Gujarat failed badly; the restricted role of beneficiaries, poor technological options that did not cater to their needs, and lack of awareness contributed to this state of affairs. The delivery mechanism was also faulty.
When people do not get to eat a balanced diet and hence miss out on the recommended daily quota of carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, iron, calcium etc. then this is called ___________.
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Malnutrition
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Hyper nutrition
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Poverty
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None of the above
When people do not get to eat a balanced diet and hence miss out on the recommended daily quota of carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, iron, calcium etc. the condition is called malnutrition. Diet taken by people does not contain sufficient nutrients in such case.
Communicable diseases spread through ___________.
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Water
-
Food
-
Air
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All of the above
There are several ways disease-causing agents get from one person to another:
- Airborne or droplet infection (e.g. colds, flu).
- Animal borne or insect borne infection (e.g. rabies, malaria, Lyme Disease).
- Blood borne infection (e.g. HIV, hepatitis).
- Food borne or water borne infection (e.g. salmonella, giardia).
- Sexually transmitted (e.g. chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis).
- Other direct contact (e.g. some kinds of warts, scabies).
- Indirect contact (e.g. colds and flu carried from person to person on dirty tissues, money, door knobs, phones, computer keyboards).
What is the full form of RMP?
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Registered Medical Practitioner
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Rural Medical Practitioner
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Required Medical Practitioner
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Required Medical Person