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Germination - class-X

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If a water soaked seed is pressed, a small drop of water comes out through the ...............

  1. Stomata

  2. Lenticel

  3. Micopyle

  4. Radicle


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

When a soaked seed is pressed the water comes out from the pore of the seed which is known as the micropyle.

Stomata and lenticels are not present in the seed.
Radical is a part of the seed which will develop into the roots.
So the correct answer is ' Micropyle'.

Root system grows from

  1. Embryo of seed

  2. Radicle of embryo

  3. Plumule of embryo

  4. Coleoptile


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Roots system develops from the radicle of the embryo because in seed, the radicle grows downward into the soil to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

So, the correct option is 'Radicle of embryo'.

Seeds are the basis of out agriculture and offer several advantages to angiosperms. Find the odd statement among the following.

  1. Seeds have better adaptive strategies for dispersal

  2. Seeds may have wings for their dispersal

  3. Seeds have sufficient food reserves to nourish immature haploid embryo on germination

  4. Seeds may remain alive for long


Correct Option: A

True or False:
Plants need an optimum temperature of $5^o - 15^o C$ for germination.

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A

Coleoptile and coleorhiza are produced by germinating seeds of 

  1. Maize

  2. Barley

  3. Oat

  4. All of these


Correct Option: A

In some plants, particularly halophytes, the seeds germinate with fruits while still attached to the parent plant. Identify this phenomenon from the following terms.

  1. Sesimonasty

  2. Vivipary

  3. Monocarpic

  4. Vernalization


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Vivipary is the phenomenon of germination of seeds inside the fruit while it is still attached to the parent tree. Such adaptation is found in halophytes. Viviparous plants produce seeds that germinate before they detach from the parent. In many mangroves, for instance, the seedling germinates and grows under its own energy while still attached to its parent.

Coleoptile in a grass seedling, is the covering over

  1. Scutellum

  2. Radicle

  3. Plumule

  4. Emerging leaf


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Coleoptile is the pointed protective sheath covering the emerging shoot in monocotyledons such as grasses. Coleoptiles have two vascular bundles, one on either side. Coleoptiles consist of very similar cells that are all specialised to fast stretch growth. They do not divide, but increase in size as they accumulate more water. Coleoptiles also have water vessels along the axis to provide a water supply. 
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Vivipary is shown by .............

  1. Cocos

  2. Squash

  3. Rhizopora

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Vivipary has two different meanings. In animals, it means development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, eventually leading to live birth, as opposed to laying eggs. In plants, it means reproduction via embryos, such as buds, that develop from the outset without interruption, as opposed to germinating externally from a seed. Examples: Cocos, Squash, Rhizophora. It is because all these seeds have high moisture content.

Mitochondria produce more energy during

  1. Formation of seed

  2. Seed maturation

  3. Dormant seed

  4. Seed germination


Correct Option: D

Oldest known crop of the world is of

  1. Wheat

  2. Rice

  3. Barley

  4. Both (A) and (C)


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The first domesticated crops include eight plant species with three cereals, four pulses and flax. These are namely Triticum dicoccum, T. monococcum, Hordeum vulgare, lentils, pea, chick pea and bitter vetch. Thus, out of the given options, barley and wheat the one of the oldest cultivated crop of world. 
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

At the time of germination, cotyledon and endosperm do not come out of the soil. This type of germination is called as

  1. Hypogeal germination

  2. Epigeal Germination

  3. Monoecious germination

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The germination process which takes place below the ground and the cotyledon and endosperm do not come out of the soil is called as Hypogeal germination.

So the correct option is 'Hypogeal germination.'

Germination in which cotyledons come above the surface of soil is known as 

  1. Epigeal

  2. Hypogeal

  3. Parthenocarpic

  4. Dioceous


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

In many dicotyledons like beans, castor, and some monocotyledons, the cotyledon is pushed above the soil by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl and they function as photosynthetic organs till the establishment of the seedling. This kind of germination is known as epigeal germination. 

Mangrove plants show vivipary. This is

  1. Germination of seeds with in fruits while still attached to parent plant

  2. Germination of seeds in fruits on the soil

  3. Germination of seeds within fruit on sterile artificial culture medium

  4. Germination of seeds only after dispersal of fruits


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The mangroves grow as a group of shrubs along the tidal coasts of mudflats, with specially evolved viviparous (bringing forth live young)  seed development just like mammals. In mangroves, Abscisic acid(ABA) a plant hormone plays a significant role in viviparous germination of seeds. 

The plant hormone leads to transduction followed by the MAPK signaling pathway. 
Vivipary is a condition whereby the embryo(the young plant within the seed) grows first to break through the seed coat out of the fruit while still attached to the parent plant.

 So, the correct answer is 'Germination of seeds within fruits while still attached to the parent plant'

Hair present on the cob of corn are

  1. Seed hairs

  2. Modified hairs of bracts

  3. Styles

  4. Stigmas and styles


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Stigma feathery or papillote. Silken threads of Maize are very long stigmas but some authors regard them as long styles bearing equally long stigmas inthe apical region.

Vivipary is a characteristic feature of.

  1. Mesophytes

  2. Halophytes

  3. Xerophytes

  4. Hydrophytes


Correct Option: A

Vivipary occurs in

  1. Mangrove plants

  2. Alpine plants / Orchiods

  3. Tropical plants / Sea Weeds

  4. Desert plants / Vallisneria


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Vivipary is the condition whereby the embryo (the young plant within the seed) grows first to break through the seed coat then out of the fruit wall while still attached to the parent plant. This condition is found in Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia and Rhizophora species (Mangrove plants). So, the correct answer is 'Mangrove plant'.

Germination of seed within fruit is

  1. Ovipary

  2. Vivipary

  3. Hypogeal

  4. Epigeal


Correct Option: B

Vivipary is

  1. Seed germination with subterranean cotyledons.

  2. Seed germination with epiterranenan cotyledons.

  3. Fruit development without pollination.

  4. Seed germination inside the fruit while attached to the plant.


Correct Option: D

The character found only in halophytes is

  1. Vivipary

  2. Vekamen

  3. Heterophylly

  4. Sunken stomata


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Vivipary is the special type of seed germination. During germination, seed is till attached to parent plant and nourished by it. It generally occurs in mangrove plant. The mangrove plants are generally medium sized tree which grow in salty marshes of sea coasts. (eg. Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Avicennia). The seeds of mangrove plants cannot germinate on the marshy habitat because of the excessive salt concentration and lack of oxygen. So, the correct answer is ‘Vivipary’.

Germination is hypogeal in

  1. Cotton

  2. Pea

  3. Castor

  4. Bean


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Epigeal germination: In this type of germination, the hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.

Hypogeal germination: In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind. So, the correct answer is 'Pea'.

Vivipary is characteristic of

  1. Mesophytes

  2. Xerophytes

  3. Hygrophytes

  4. Halophytes


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Vivipary plants grow in high saline area.
A. Mesophytes- A plant need a moderate amount of water.
B. Xerophytes- A plant need a little liquid water(In dessert or in ice).
C. Hygrophytes- A plant grow in wet conditions.
D. Halophytes- A plant of high salt tolerent grows in water of high salinity.
So, the correct answer is 'Halophytes'.

Germination is epigeal in

  1. Zea mays

  2. Helianthus

  3. Mangifera

  4. Pisum


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Epigeal germination: In this type of germination, the hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.

Hypogeal germination: In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind.

A. Zea mays (Maize) - hypogeal germination.

B. Helianthus (Sunflower) - epigeal germination.

C. Mangifera (Mango)- hypogeal germination.

D. Pisum (Pea)- hypogeal germination.

So, the correct answer is 'Helianthus'.

An albuminous seed showing hypogeal germination is

  1. Castor

  2. Bean

  3. Gram

  4. Maize


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Epigeal germination: In this type of germination, the hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.

Hypogeal germination: In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind.

A. Castor- Albuminous seed shows epigeal germination.
B. Bean- Exalbuminous seed shows epigeal germination.
C. Gram- Exalbuminous seed shows hypogeal germination.
D. Maize- Albuminous seed shows hypogeal germination.
So, the correct answer is 'Maize'.

Epigeal germination occurs in

  1. Pea

  2. Gram

  3. Castor

  4. Maize


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Epigeal germination: In this type of germination, the hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.

Hypogeal Germination: In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind. So, the correct answer is 'Castor'.

In some halophytes, seeds germinate within fruits while attached to parent plant. The phenomenon is

  1. Vivipary

  2. Monocrapic

  3. Vernalisation

  4. Seismonasty

  5. Both A and B


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A. Vivipary :  In plants, vivipary (precocious or premature germination) involves the germination of seeds while still on the parent plant. It is a widespread phenomenon in plants characterized by the lack of seed dormancy. 

C. Monocarpic- flowering only once.

D. Vernalisation- The cooling of seed during germination in order to accelerate flowering when it is planted.

E. Seismonasty is the nastic response of a plant or fungus to touch or vibration.

So, the correct answer is 'Vivipary'.

Fruit of peanut is

  1. Pod

  2. Achene

  3. Caryopsis

  4. Drupe


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A. Pods develop underground, an unusual feature known as geocarpy. After fertilization, a short stalk at the base of the ovary (termed a pedicel) elongates to form a thread-like structure known as a "peg". This peg grows down into the soil, and the tip, which contains the ovary, develops into a mature peanut pod.

B. Achene- A small, indehiscent, one seeded fruit developing from a monocarpellary ovary and in which pericarp is hard, leathary and remains free from seed coat. E.g. Mirabilis.

C. Caryopsis- A small, indehiscent, one seeded fruit developing from a monocarpellary ovary and in which pericarp is fused with the seed coat. E.g. Wheat.

D. Drupe- A small, indehiscent, one seeded fruit developing from a monocarpellary ovary and in which pericarp is differentiated into outer,thin epicarp, middle fleshy and fibrous mesocarp and inner hard and stony endocarp. E.g. Mango. So, the correct answer is 'Pod'.

Terminator gene

  1. Helps in terminating flowering

  2. Helps in terminating seed germination

  3. Used in hybridisation

  4. None of the above.


Correct Option: B

In hypogeal germination, plumule comes out of ground due to elongation of

  1. Hypocotyl

  2. Epicotyl

  3. Cotyledons

  4. Both A and B


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind. So, the correct answer is 'Epicotyl'.

Which of the following comes first out of the soil in the bean seed?

  1. Hypocotyl

  2. Radicle

  3. Leaf foliage

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.
So the correct option is 'Hypocotyl'.

Seed dormancy can be broken by exposure to red in ____________.

  1. Lettuce

  2. Pea

  3. Tomato

  4. Onion


Correct Option: A

Which one of the following statements is not correct regarding vivipary?

  1. Seeds germinate within the fruit while still attached to the mother plant

  2. It usually occurs under highly saline conditions

  3. It occurs in the mangrove plants

  4. It involves a dormancy period for the seed


Correct Option: A

Identify the correct sequence of stages of germination in pea plant.

  1. Bursting of the seed coat, radicle comes out, coleoptile pushed upward, primary root and leaf foliage developed.

  2. Bursting of the seed coat, radicle comes out, plumule pushed upward, primary root developed.

  3. Bursting of the seed coat, radicle comes out, primary root developed, hypocotyl comes out of the soil.

  4. Bursting of the seed coat, coleoptile pushed upward, radicle comes out, primary root and leaf foliage developed.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Germination is the process of seeds developing into new plants. First, environmental conditions must trigger the seed to grow.
  1. When water is plentiful, the seed fills with water in a process called imbibition.
  2. The water activates special proteins, called enzymes, that begin the process of seed growth. 
  3. The seed grows a root to access water underground. 
  4. The shoot appears above ground. 
  5. The seed sends a shoot towards the surface, where it will grow leaves to make food that provides energy. 
  6. The leaves continue to grow towards the light source in a process called photomorphogenesis.
So the correct option is 'Bursting of the seed coat, radicle comes out, plumule pushed upward, primary root developed.'

In vivipary type of seed germination, the seeds undergo _________________.

  1. Twelve months of resting period

  2. Six months of resting period

  3. Three months of resting period

  4. No resting period


Correct Option: A

In germinating oil seeds $\beta$-oxidation of free fatty acids takes place in ______________.

  1. Oleosoines

  2. Glyoxysomes

  3. Mitochondria

  4. Cytosol


Correct Option: A

In nature, the orchid seeds germinate only in association with _______________.

  1. Myxomycetes

  2. Mycorrhiza

  3. Blue green algae

  4. Actinomycetes


Correct Option: A

During germination of barley grain, the enzyme a-amylase is secreted by ______________.

  1. Seed coat

  2. Aleuronic layer

  3. Coleorhizae

  4. Coleoptiles


Correct Option: A

In maize(Zea mays) fertilization takes place between a female parent having colourless endosperm and the male parent having yellow endosperm. After fertilization, the endosperm of the new seed becomes yellow. This phenomenon is known as ___________.

  1. Dominance

  2. Xenia

  3. Met xenia

  4. Paternal influence


Correct Option: A

In which one of the following pathogens do the cells of promycelium after the germination of teleutospore produced infection hyphae instead of basidiospores?

  1. Ustilago scitaminae

  2. Tilletia foetida

  3. Tilletia tritici

  4. Ustilago tritici


Correct Option: A

Which one of the following plants exhibits monopole germination of embryo?

  1. Cuscuta

  2. Mistletoe

  3. Carrot

  4. Sandwood


Correct Option: A

Kinetin was first isolated from _________________.

  1. Immature corn seeds

  2. DNA of coconut milk

  3. DNA of herring sperm

  4. DNA of monkey's liver


Correct Option: A

During the germination of coconut, the major stored food is digested by.

  1. a-amylase

  2. Lipase

  3. Protease

  4. Trypsin


Correct Option: A

Equal amount of germinating maize and groundnut seed are taken their collective $rq$ will be ____________.

  1. One

  2. Greater then 1

  3. Less the 1

  4. Infinity


Correct Option: A

How many chromosomes are present in each of the following with respect to maize plants respectively?
I. Leaf epidermal cell II. Antipodal cell III. Endosperm cell
IV. Generative cell V. Egg cell VI. Megaspore

  1. $10, 20, 10, 10, 10, 20, 30$

  2. $20, 10, 30, 10, 10, 10, 20$

  3. $20, 10, 10, 10, 20, 30, 10$

  4. $30, 10, 20, 10, 20, 10, 10$


Correct Option: A

As global temperature increases, it would also give rise to

  1. Rainfall Pattern

  2. Wind

  3. Precipitation

  4. Snowfall pattern


Correct Option: A

Mark the correct match.

  1. Epigeal germination- Bean

  2. Hypogeal germination- Maize

  3. Bisexual flower- Mustard

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In beans germination takes place above the ground and maize below the ground, bisexual flowers were seen in mustard.

So the correct option is 'All of the above.'

Monocot seed generally shows

  1. Epigeal germination

  2. Hypogeal germination

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons do not come out of the soil surface. In such seeds, the epicotyl (i.e., part of the embryonic axis between plumule and cotyledons) elongates pushing the plumule out of the soil. All monocotyledons show hypogeal germination.

So the correct option is 'Hypogeal germination'.

Which one of the following is a monocotyledonous seed?

  1. Bean

  2. Pea

  3. Maize

  4. Gram


Correct Option: C

During germination, if the cotyledons are pushed above the soil, then such seeds are called

  1. Epigeal

  2. Hypogeal

  3. Perigeal

  4. Progeal


Correct Option: A
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