An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of an Earthquake or a volcano that imparts low-frequency acoustic energy.

The Richter magnitude scale (also Richter scale) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake.

An electroscope is an early scientific instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charge on a body. It was the first electrical measuring instrument. The first electroscope, a pivoted needle called the versorium, was invented by British physician William Gilbert around 1600.

Amber is fossilized tree resin, which has been appreciated for its colour and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects. Amber is used as an ingredient in perfumes, as a healing agent in folk medicine, and as jewellery.

An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionised gas (plasma).

The Richter scale was originally devised to measure the magnitude of earthquakes of moderate size (that is, magnitude 3 to magnitude 7) by assigning a number that would allow the size of one earthquake to be compared with another.

The answer is D.

The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio between two values of a physical quantity, often power or intensity. One of these quantities is often a reference value, and in this case, the decibel can be used to express the absolute level of the physical quantity, as in the case of sound pressure. The number of decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities, or of the ratio of the squares of two field amplitude quantities.
The Richter scale is not a linear scale. This means that an earthquake of magnitude 6 does not have twice as destructive power as the earthquake of magnitude 3. Actually, an earthquake with magnitude 5 is ten times more destructive than an earthquake of magnitude 4. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale.
The Meter scale is a linear scale.
Hence, (i) and (ii) are non-linear scales.

A seismograph or seismometer is an instrument which is used to record the direction of movement of earthquake waves. The first seismograph was invented in 132 A.D. by the Chinese astronomer and mathematician Chang Heng.

All three following instruments are useful in measuring the seismic activity under the earth's surface. A seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground motions, such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions. Richter scale a quantitative measure of an earthquake's magnitude. The modified Mercalli intensity scale also measures the effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface. 

The modified Mercalli intensity scale also measures the effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface. The Mercalli scale grades the earthquake on a 12-point scale. The intensity scale helps to analyze the data by constructing isoseismal curves, which are lines that connect points of equal intensity. 

• There are a number of ways to measure the magnitude of an earthquake. The first widely-used method, the Richter scale, was developed by Charles F. Richter in 1934. It used a formula based on the amplitude of the largest wave recorded on a specific type of seismometer and the distance between the earthquake and the seismometer.
  
• Another way to measure the strength of an earthquake is to use the Mercalli scale. Invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, this scale uses the observations of the people who experienced the earthquake to estimate its intensity.
  

Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

Decibel is a unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale.

The Richter magnitude scale (also Richter scale) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake.

Kaleidoscope operates on the principle of multiple reflection, where two or more reflectors are placed at an angle to one another. When the eye is placed at one end of the reflectors, the original view from the aperture on the other side is multiplied into a symmetrical mosaic pattern. A two-mirror kaleidoscope yields a circular pattern isolated against a solid black background, while the three-mirror equilateral triangle type yields an infinite pattern that fills the entire visual field.

A seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground motions, such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. Seismometers are usually combined with a timing device and a recording device to form a seismograph

True,

Narmada river rises in the Amarkantaka hills in Madhya Pradesh. It flows towards the west in a rift valley formed due to faulting. Its length is about 1312 km. This river drains into the Arabian Sea. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.

• A Rift valley is a narrow linear depression in the land surrounded by mountain ranges. It is created by a geological fault in earth's crust. The East African Rift valley which runs thousands of km long is the best example of a Rift valley in the world.

• When two plates of earth's crust move apart from each other, a long narrow depression is formed due to the sinking of ground which is called a rift valley eg. east African rift valley. Hence option C is the right answer.
• The rift valley is not formed due to river or aeolian(wind) action. Also, the slope in the rift valley is almost vertical thus very steep hence other options are incorrect.

The words 'ocean' and 'sea' are often used to mean the same thing. However, a sea is a small area of an ocean, usually with land on several sides.

Inland sea is a shallow sea that covers central areas of continents during periods of high sea level that result in marine transgression. The seas which are completely surrounded by land, without any outlet into the ocean is called inland sea.

The Mediterranean Sea is an extension of the Atlantic ocean. The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region.

Marginal seas are similar to open oceans with respect to being created by large scale geological processes, exhibiting biodiversity, and possessing layered water circulation patterns. The main difference between the two is related to depth and proximity to landmasses. The seas which are extensions of the ocean and are partially surrounded by land are known as marginal sea.

Lake Baikal in southern Russia is the world's deepest lake. It is an estimated 5,387 ft deep and its bottom is approximately 3,893 ft below sea level. It is also the deepest freshwater lake in the world.

Bay is a water body that is surrounded or demarcated by land. It is a water body that is surrounded by land on three sides. Bays can be an inlet in a lake or a larger water body. 

A gulf is a large inlet of a sea cutting deep into the landmass, typically narrower opening than a bay, though it is not observable in all geographical areas. Many important trading centers are located on gulfs. Gulfs are sometimes connected with oceans through narrow passages of water called as straits. 

Lake Baikal is situated in Russia, located in southern Siberia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast. It is the world's deepest freshwater lake.

Lagoons is a term used for a shallow body of saltwater separated from the sea by a low dan bank or coral reef. Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons. Lagoons are the most common coastal features around many parts of the world.

Strait is a narrow stretch of water that joins two large water bodies and separates two landmasses. Strait can be formed by a body of water overflowing land that has subsided or has been eroded. 

The highest commercially navigable lake is Lake Titicaca, which lies in the Altiplano at a height of 3,810 m above sea level on the Andean border between Peru and Bolivia. It's surface covers approximately 8,300 km² and has an average depth between 140-180 m.

Bering Strait joins the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and separates the continents of Asia and North America at their closest point. The strait averages 98 to 164 ft. in depth and at it's narrowest is about 53 miles wide. The strait was named after Vitus Bering, a Danish Captain, who sailed into the strait in 1728.

The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent. It's  source is Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for 2,320 miles to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico.

The Amazon River is the largest river in the world by the amount or volume of water it carries. Its headwaters are in the Andes Mountains in Peru. It flows through the tropical forests of South America.

The mainstream of Ganga begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the town of Devprayag. The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gaumukh, at an elevation of 3,893 m.

Lake Superior is the largest lake in North America and also the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area and the third-largest by volume. Its surface area is approximately 31,700 square miles. The lake is shared by the province of Ontario in Canada, and the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan in the US. 

The Wular lake is integral to the hydrological system of the Kashmir valley. India's largest freshwater lake, the Wular lake was formed as a result of the tectonic activity and is fed by the Jhelum river. The lake, along with its marshes, regulates the water levels and offers protection against flooding.