Social groups are the collection or group of people who interact with each other having common interests. A pressure group is a group of people who try to influence government policies or legislation in their interest. They are organised group who do not take part in legislation making process but persuade government to work for fulfillment of their interest. These are also called Interest groups. E.g., Bharatiya Kisan Union

King Martin Luther Jr. was much influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his ideologies of non-violence and truth. He adopted his ideology and technique to led the civil rights movement in US to give voice to rights of the people (African) who were being harshly discriminated and tortured. Gandhiji's success in Indian Independence movement placed him in influential position.

Martin Luther King Jr. was a renowned civil rights activist who led the civil rights movement in US for Blacks and Africans who did not have the rights that Americans already enjoyed. The Movement began expressly with the Montgomery Bus Incident when one local leader Rosa Parks who is African refused to give up her seat for white American. Martin Luther King led all the major movements including civil disobedience, non- violent protests, sit ins etc. He continued to do so  until he was assassinated in 1968.

Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Black Power Movement is the movement that emphasized of the elimination of the racial discrimination against African-Americans and formation of Political and social Institutions of Blacks to have adequate representation without which non-discrimination would be futile. It emerged out of the Civil Rights Movement in the US.

Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective

The Narmada Bachao Andolan is a movement started with the specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams and the model of development that required such dams. Medha Patekar is an Indian Social Activist who works on various Social and economic issues raised by Women, Dalits, Backward Classes and other environmental Concerns. She played a key role in Narmada Bachao Andolan in 1985.

Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective

Mobilisation in the context of popular struggle and movement implies alliance of political parties or organisations to give voice to the demands of public and infusing recognition in their voice. The example of mobilisation can be seen during the popular struggle for restoration of democracy in Nepal where All major political parties formed Seven Party Alliance (SPA).

 King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001. King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the King.

In 1984, the Karnataka government set up a company called Karnataka Pulpwood Limited. About 30,000 hectares of land was given virtually free to this company for 40 years. Much of this land was used by local farmers as grazing land for their cattle. However the company began to plant eucalyptus trees on this land, which could be used for making paper pulp. In 1987, a movement called Kittiko-Hachchiko (meaning, pluck and plant) started a non-violent protest, where people plucked the eucalyptus plants and planted saplings of trees that were useful to the people.

Usually interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society. Trade unions, business associations and professional (lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.) bodies are some examples of this type. They are sectional because they represent a section of society: workers, employees, businesspersons, industrialists, followers of a religion, caste group, etc. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not society in general.

The Green Belt Movement (GBM) was started in the year 1977 by Professor Wangari Maathai in Kenya. It was launched with the support of National Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK), to cater the needs of rural Kenyan women who addressed the issue that the rivers were drying, they had meager food supply and had to walk a long distance to get firewood for fuel and fencing. The Green Belt Movement has planted 30 million trees across Kenya.

Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. For example, when the Assam movement led by students against the ‘foreigners’ came to an end, it led to the formation of the Asom Gana Parishad. The roots of parties like the DMK and the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can be traced to a long-drawn social reform movement during the 1930s and 1940s.

Mass mobilisation is a process which engages and motivates several people, partners and allies to participate and join at national and local level to create awareness of a demand or to achieve a particular goal. The restoration of democracy in Nepal or the Bolivia's Water war are the best example of resolution of dispute by making demands and pressure by mass organisations directly participating to work towards achieving goal.

West Java is located in Indonesia. In 2004, landless farmers from West Java, travelled to Jakarta, the capital city. They came with their families to demand land reforms and to insist on the return of their farms.

Movement begins when mass public conscience realise that they are being deprived or not treated fairly or circumstances such exists that need to be changed or unchanged. Any movement's success depends upon the area of influence , the mass participation without which it would confine and cannot raise the demand in order to be fulfilled. This is why movements have loose organisations and informal decision making process. 

Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways:  They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activities by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc. Most of these groups try to influence the media into giving more attention to these issues. They often organise protest activity like strikes or disrupting government programmes.

Business groups often employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements. Some persons from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer advice to the government.

Social Movements are organised group of people having common purpose and work toward a common goal. Social movement are organised or sometimes informal who launch their mode of work toward bringing a social change. 

Chipko movement is an environmentalist movement started in 1970s to protect the forests and trees being cut down. The people used to hug trees in a non violent fashion to show their protest. Thi moverment was a great success in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.

Social Movements are organised group of people having common purpose and work toward a common goal. Social movement are organised or sometimes informal who launch their mode of work toward bringing a social change. A movement of people is always a collective action, it may either work toward bringing a change or resisting a change and they may be organised or non organised having different modes to achieve their aim. The loose organisation of movement allow mass participation and informal decision making.

Social Movements are organised group of people having common purpose and work toward a common goal. Social movement are organised or sometimes informal who launch their mode of work toward bringing a social change. A movement of people is always a collective action, it may either work toward bringing a change or resisting a change and they may be organised or non organised having different modes to achieve their aim. The loose organisation of movement allow mass participation and informal decision making.

These two stories are from very different contexts. The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy, while the struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected, democratic government. The popular struggle in Bolivia was about one specific policy, while the struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country’s politics. Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels.

Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective. There is always some direct or indirect relationship of political parties and relation groups to reach a conclusion of particular demand made or interest raised for which dialogues and negotiations are the methods applied so as communication formally can take place.

The leader of Solidarity Movement in Poland was Lech Walesa. He was the second President of Poland. He is a retired politician, labor activist and also got awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983.

• A pressure group is an organized or an unorganized body that seeks to promote its interests while a political party seeks to attain political power by contesting elections.
• Pressure groups are formed by the people of common interests, occupations and opinions while political parties are forced on the basic of ideology and vision.
•  A pressure group represents their own single interests while political parties represents various interests.

(a) A pressure group is an organisation which attempts to influence government policies through protests and demonstrations. Pressure groups are formed when people with similar opinions get together for similar objectives. Examples of pressure groups are FEDECOR and BAMCEF.

(b) Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways.

• They try to gain public support and sympathy for their cause by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc.
• By organising strikes and disruptions, they seek to make the government take note of their demands.
• They also influence decision-making by lobbying.
•  The issues raised by them often influence the policies of political parties.

The Green Belt Movement has planted 30 million trees across Kenya. Its leader is Wangari Maathai.

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in 1951 with Shyama Prasad Mukherjee as its founder President.

a) Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective. 

b) Kittiko Hachiko Movement was a nonviolent protest in 1987 led by the people in Karnataka where they plucked the eucalyptus plants and planted saplings of plants that were useful to the people. The reason was that- The Karnataka government had set up a company named Karnataka Pulpwood. About  30,000 hectares of land was given to the company. Most of this land was used by the farmers for grazing their cattle on the field. But the company began to plant eucalyptus trees on this land which could be used for making paper pulp. This caused problems for the local farmers and they started this movement.

Black Power Movement emerged out of the civil rights movement in the United States (US). In the year 1966, this movement became mainstream. This movement emphasized racial pride, socio-economic empowerment and creating political, cultural institution for black people in the US. The Black Panther Party was an influential organization that was created from the Black Power Movement. 

Movement groups launch struggles for the resolution of a social problem with or without an organizational structure. When an organization starts a movement to achieve a specific goal or an issue, such an organisation is called movement groups.

Narmada Bachao Andolan is a social movement led by social activist Medha Patkar and Baba Amte. Medha Patkar fought against the indifference exhibited by local government officials towards the people affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam project. The aim of this movement was to provide project information and legal representation to the affected residents of Narmada valley. Hence, option D is the correct answer.     

Social groups are the collection or group of people who interact with each other having common interests. A pressure group is a group of people who try to influence government policies or legislation in their interest. They are organized group who do not take part in the legislation making process but persuade the government to work for the fulfilment of their interest. These are also called Interest groups. E.g., Bharatiya Kisan Union.

Pressure groups are organized groups that seek to influence government policy or legislation. The aim of the pressure groups is to influence the people who actually have the power to make decisions. They do not want the power of political office for themselves, but do seek to influence the decisions made by those who hold this political power. Option B is the correct answer. 

1. An organisation that seeks to promote the interest of a particular section or group - Sectional interest group.
   2. An organisation that seeks to promote common interest - Public interest group.
   3. Struggles launched for the resolution of a social problem with or without an organisational structure - Movement.
   4. An organisation that mobilises people with a view to win political power - Political parties.

1. Pressure Group -  Fertilizers dealers association.
   2. Long-term movement -  Women movement.
   3. Single issue movement -  Narmada Bachao Andolan.
   4. Political party -  Assam Gana Parishad.

1. Congress Party - United Progressive Alliance
   2. Bharatiya Janata Party - National Democratic Alliance
   3. Communist Party of India (Marxist) - Left Front
   4. Telugu Desam Party - State/Regional Party

FEDECOR is an organization of human right activists, labour, and community people. It was an organization formed in Bolivia which wanted the government to end the privatization of water resources in the country. This organization consisted of engineers, economists, environmentalists, academicians etc. It was a kind of public interest group.

Like an interest group, a movement also attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition. But unlike the interest groups, movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.

Kittiko Hachiko Movement was a nonviolent protest in 1987 lend by the people in Karnataka where they plucked the eucalyptus plants and planted saplings of plants that were useful to the people. The reason was that- The Karnataka government had set up a company named Karnataka Pulpwood. About 30000 hectares of land was given to the company. Most of this land was used by the farmers for grazing their cattle on the field. But the company began to plant eucalyptus trees on this land which could be used for making paper pulp. This caused problems for the local farmers and they started this movement.