Heat budget and Heat Balance.

• Temperature decreases with the increase in latitude on either side of the equator as the spherical shape of the earth and its revolution around the sun along with its tilted orbit leads to the reduction in the amount the insolation received as we move away from the equator. Hence option B is correct.

Air,

Day,

During the day time, land gets heated more than the adjacent sea and low pressure develops over the land. The warm air over the land being lighter moves upward and its place is taken over by the cooler air coming from the sea. This is called Sea Breeze.

The frigid zone is the coldest heat zone on the earth. It found one each in the two hemispheres. The Frigid zone in the northern hemisphere lies between Arctic Circle and the North pole and in the southern hemisphere between Antarctic Circle and South pole.

The torrid zone is the hottest heat zone on the earth. It extends on both side of the equator and is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn. That is between 23 degrees half minute North and 23 degrees half minute South latitudes. 

Conduction, Convection & Radiation. There are three main ways that heat is transferred between substances or objects.

The coldest time of day is just about the time of sunrise because this is the time at which the atmosphere is without the heat of the sun for the longest time. The lowest temperature of the day usually occurs then i.e. 4a.m.

Ocean current is a powerful factor for affecting the distribution of temperature. The effect of ocean current upon the temperature of adjacent land areas are variable, depending on the direction of prevailing wind. The warm ocean currents help to raise the temperature of the adjoining regions.  On the other hand, cold ocean currents lower down the temperature of the adjoining region.

North - West Europe,

Temperature decreases down the valley, it is known as the inversion of temperature. Especially during the winter nights the temperature increase with the altitude. This is mainly due to rapid radiation from the ground and on account of the flow of heavy cold air down the valley.

Water,

A temperature of the atmosphere and altitude are interrelated. The temperature of the atmosphere decrease with increasing altitude from the earth's surface. This vertical decrease in temperature of the atmosphere is limited to the troposphere. The atmosphere is heated mainly from below. Therefore, within the troposphere, as we go higher temperature gradually decreases to about 6.5 degrees C per km. Sometimes, especially during cold winter nights the temperature increase with the altitude. This is mainly due to the rapid radiation from the ground and on account of the flow of heavy cold air down the valley.

The climate zones of the earth arise due to the temperature difference. The classification of heat zones of the earth was first done by Greek Scholar Aristotle. The different heat zones of the earth are - Torrid Zone, Frigid Zone and Temperate zone. All these zones have a different temperature range. Torrid Zone is the hottest zone among the zones of the earth.

It is found that there is a balance of incoming solar radiation and the amount of terrestrial radiation returned to space. The balance of incoming and outgoing radiation is termed as heat balance. so, heat balance is the average balance between incoming and outgoing radiation. 

There is a balance of incoming solar radiation and the amount of terrestrial radiation returned to space. The balance of incoming and outgoing radiation is termed as heat balance. 

Sun is the main source of energy for earth. The earth 's surface receives solar energy in form of short-wave solar radiation where it is converted into heat by the process of absorption. The earth sends the same amount of energy back to space in the form of long-wave terrestrial radiation. This balance between the amount of insolation received from the sun and the outgoing terrestrial radiation is known as the earth's heat budget.

• 23 and half degrees from the pole refers to the 66 and half degree from the equator ir the Arctic circle, hence option A is correct.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which prevents the escaping of heat from the earth.

The atmosphere warms up by the following processes:

The term advection is used for horizontal transport of heat. Advection is responsible for slow heat transfer from the equatorial regions to the polar region. This process of heat transfer is relatively more important than any other method. The scorching winds blowing during the summer in the northern plains of India, which are known as Loo, are a typical example of advection.

Conduction is a slow process of heat transfer as regards warming of the atmosphere. Since air is a very poor conductor of heat, the conduction process affects only the lowermost layers of air closest to the earth's surface. As a means of heat transfer for the atmosphere as a whole, conduction is the least important and can be neglected when considering a majority of meteorological phenomena.

Since the atmosphere is a gaseous medium, convection is the most significant mechanism of heat transfer. Heat gained by the layers of air at or near the earth's surface from radiation or conduction is usually transferred to the upper atmospheric layers by the process of convection. Thus convection is the transfer of heat in the atmosphere by the air current.

Earth receives solar radiation in the form of short-wave solar radiation and the radiation is sent back to space in the form of longwave terrestrial radiation. In the absence of such a balance the earth would be getting progressively colder or progressively warmer. This balance between the amount of insolation received from the sun and outing outgoing terrestrial radiation is known as earth's heat budget or heat balance.

The average temperature of a month is the average of the maximum and minimum temperatures of that month. Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity, and altitude.

On the basis of the distribution of temperature  earth is divided  into the following  heat zones, 

The torrid zone is the area of the earth between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is also known as the tropical zone. The temperature in this zone is  warm, humid and moist throughout the year. The sun is directly overhead at least once in a year in the tropic zone. So this torrid zone receive maximum insolation.

Torrid heat zone lies between Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn. It is the hottest heat zone on the earth. It extends on both sides of the equator.  That is between 23 degrees half minute North and 23 degrees half minute South latitudes.

The regions of the earth to the north of the Arctic Circle and to the south of the Antarctic Circle are collectively called as the Frigid Zone or the Polar Region. The sun does not come vertically above these regions at any time in a year. Throughout the year Frigid Zone receives slanting sun rays and hence experience a very cold climate. Most of the land there is covered with permanent ice. 

Delhi,

The temperature is not uniformly distributed on the earth's surface.  Temperature varies at different altitudes of the atmosphere at different places over the surface of the earth and even at different times during a day or during a month or during a year. There are several factors that control temperature variations on the earth's surface.