Aryabhata, the first satellite built by India, was launched on this day April 19, in the year 1975. Aryabhata was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, agronomics, and solar physics. The aim of the launching of the Aryabhatta satellite was for conducting scientific experiments for the study of the upper atmosphere.

Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai is considered as the Father of the Indian space program; He was a great institution builder and established or helped to establish a large number of institutions in diverse fields. He was instrumental in establishing the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad

On 3 August 1954, India’s Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was created under the direct charge of the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru through a Presidential Order. Subsequently, following a Government Resolution dated 1 March 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in the Department of Atomic Energy. The DAE was headed by Dr. Homi Jagangir Bhabha, widely regarded as the father of Indian nuclear research. The body was formed to accelerate the pace of scientific progress in India, with special emphasis on atomic power.

The Indian Astronomical Observatory, located near Leh in Ladakh, India, has one of the world's highest located sites for optical, infrared and gamma-ray telescopes. It is operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore.

The first telescope was made by Hans Lippershey in the early 1600s. He was a German-Dutch glassmaker, and he managed to reduce the amount of light in his telescope while focusing it. His model inspired other scientists to work on perfecting the telescope.

The Vainu Bappu Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. It is located at Kavaloore in the Javadi Hills, near Vaniyambadi in Tirupattur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur who was also an astronomer built the Jantar Mantar. Jantar Mantar has 19 instruments out of which Samrat Yantra, Jai Prakash Yantra, Ram Yantra, Chakra Yantra, Dakshin Mural Yantra, Digamya Yantra, Disha Yantra, Kanali Yantra are prominent.

• Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre is located at Thiruvananthapuram.
• Satellite Tracking and Ranging Station (STARS) was established and operated by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in collaboration with Academy of Sciences (AS-USSR) at Kavalur, in Jawadi hills near Vaniyambadi, Tamil Nadu, India.
• National remote sensing centre is located at Hyderabad.
• Satellite control Centre is in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh.

The Indian Space Research Organisation  is the space agency of the Government of India and has its headquarters in the city of Bengaluru .

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) operates through a countrywide network of centres.

1.  Sensors and payloads are developed at the Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad. 
2. Satellites are designed, developed, assembled, and tested at the U R Rao Satellite Centre (formerly the ISRO Satellite Centre) in Bangalore. 
3. Launch vehicles are developed at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram. 
4. Launches take place at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island, near Chennai. 
5. The Master Control Facilities for geostationary satellite station keeping are located at Hassan and Bhopal. 
6. Reception and processing facilities for remote-sensing data are at the National Remote Sensing Centre in Hyderabad.

In physics, escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for a free, non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body. The escape velocity from Earth is about 11.186 km/s (6.951 mi/s; 40,270 km/h; 36,700 ft/s; 25,020 mph; 21,744 km) at the surface.

Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications service provider and a wholly-owned subsidiary of BSNL headquartered in New Delhi, India. MTNL Provides services in the metro cities of Mumbai and New Delhi in India and in the island nation of Mauritius in Africa.

The company had a monopoly in Mumbai and New Delhi until 1992 when the telecom sector was opened to other service providers. "Transparency makes us different" is the motto of the company. The Government of India currently holds 57% stock in the company with the rest being held by public and institutional investors.

In recent years, India is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology. The information technology in India is comprised of two-component, viz., Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and IT services. The sector has increased its contribution to India's GDP from 1.2% in 1988 to 7.7% in 2017.

A.  MOM (mars orbiter mission)

The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), is a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission and ISRO has become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.

A.  The point farthest approach to earth

The point in the orbit of an object (as a satellite) orbiting the earth that is at the greatest distance from the center of the earth also the point farthest from a planet or a satellite (as the moon) reached by an object orbiting it. 

A.  The point closet approach to earth

The point in the orbit of an object (as a satellite) orbiting the earth that is nearest to the earth.

The geoid is a shape like the surface of the Earth. The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.

Geoid means like shaped.

Technology plays a major role in reducing manpower and increases work efficiency and hence it helps in the process of transformation of resources.