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Second law of thermodynamics - class-XI

Description: second law of thermodynamics
Number of Questions: 40
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Tags: heat and thermodynamics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics physics option b: engineering physics thermodynamics
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Consider a new system of units in which c (speed of light in vacuum), h(Planck's constant) and G (gravitational constant) are taken as fundamental units. Which of the following would correctly represent mass in this new system?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $\sqrt{\dfrac{hc}{G}}$

  2. $\sqrt{\dfrac{Gc}{h}}$

  3. $\sqrt{\dfrac{hG}{c}}$

  4. $\sqrt{hGc}$

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Consideration anew system of units in which speed of light in vaccum$=e$Plank's constant$=h$

Gravitational constant$=G$
Mass in the new system
$F=\cfrac{1}{2}mv^2=h\gamma$
Now,
Using the method of dimension we say that,
Here
${e}=LT^{-1}$
$[G]=M^{-1}L^3T^{-2}$
$[h]=M^1L^2T^{-2}$
Let, $mac^xG^0h^z$
By substituting the dimension of each quantity in both the sides
$M=(LT^{-1})^x(M^{-1}L^3T^{-2})^y(ML^2T^{-1})^z\M=(M^{y+z}L^{x+3y+2z}T^{x-2y-x})$
By equating the power of $M,L\quad and T$ in both the sides
$-y+z=1\x+3y+2z=0\-x-2y-z=0$
By solving the above equations
We get,
$x=\cfrac{1}{z},y=-\cfrac{1}{z},z=\cfrac{1}{z}$
So, $[m]=e^{1/2}G^{-1/2}h^{1/2}\ \quad=\sqrt{\cfrac{hc}{G}}$

For a gas $\cfrac{R}{C _{p}}=0.4$. For this gas calculate the following-

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. atomicity and degree of fredom

  2. value of $C _{v}$ and $\gamma$

  3. mean gram-molecular kinetic energy at $300\ k$ temperature

  4. none of these

Show answer
Correct Option: B

Efficiency of engine is $n _{1}$ at $T _{1}$= $200^\circ C$ and $T _{2}$ = $0^\circ C$ and $n _{2}$ at $T _{1} = 0^\circ C$ and $T _{2}=-200^\circ C$. Find the ratio of $\cfrac {n _{1}}{n _{2}}$

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $1.00$

  2. $0.721$

  3. $0.577$

  4. $0.34$4

Show answer
Correct Option: C

An ideal heat engine has an efficiency $ \eta$ . The co-efficient of performance of the engine when driven backward is 

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $1-\dfrac{1}{\eta}$

  2. $\dfrac{\eta}{1- \eta}$

  3. $\dfrac{1}{\eta}-1$

  4. $\dfrac{1}{1- \eta}$

Show answer
Correct Option: C

Heat flows between two bodies due to difference in their temperature.

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. True

  2. False

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Heat is defined as the energy which passes between two objects because of the difference in temperature. Thus energy may pass between them, but not heat. It is possible that the energy absorbed may increase the temperature, particularly if work is done, but this is not heat transfer.


Heat flows between two bodies due to difference in their temperature.

Option A is true

That 'Entropy of a system increases in all spontaneous processes' is  known as

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. 1 st law of Thermodynamics

  2. 2nd law of Thermodynamics

  3. Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

  4. 3rd law of Thermodynamics

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems spontaneously evolve toward thermodynamic equilibriumthe state of maximum entropy

Which of the following option are related with the second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy)?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. The heat lost by one object must be gained by another object

  2. Heat flow naturally from a hotter body to a cooler body

  3. Celsius degrees and Kelvin degrees are equivalent

  4. Heat can be transformed into work

  5. The average kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to temperature

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The second law of thermodynamics says that heat flows 'naturally' from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature, and heat doesn’t flow in the opposite direction of its own accord, since the entropy in such a process increases. 

The reverse is not possible due to decrease in entropy in such a process.

Which of the following statement is true as per the second law of thermodynamics for an isolated, ordered system?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Heat will flow into the system

  2. Heat will flow out of the system

  3. Work will be done by the system

  4. Work will be done on the system

  5. The entropy withing the system will increase

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The second law of thermodynamic states that the entropy of an isolated system increases over time and remain constant for reversible process. 

The statement "It is impossible  to construct a heat engine which can convert heat directly to work completely" was given by

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Clausius

  2. Carnot

  3. Plank

  4. Kelvin & Plank

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The second law of thermodynamics states , that it is impossible to construct a heat engine , operating in cycle , which extracts heat and can convert it all to useful work .In other words , it is impossible for a heat engine to convert heat completely in work .This statement is given by Kelvin & Plank .

The second law of thermodynamics says that in a cyclic process

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Work cannot be converted into heat

  2. Heat cannot be converted into work

  3. Work cannot be completely converted into heat

  4. Heat cannot be completely converted into work

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Second law of thermodynamics states that in a cyclic process heat cannot be converted completely into work because attainment of $0K$ temperature is impossible.

A new soft drink bottle is opened, allowing gas to escape into the atmosphere. As the gas escapes, its degree of disorder increases. Identify by which of the following law this can be explained ?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. First law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy)

  2. Second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy)

  3. Ideal gas law

  4. Heat of fusion and heat of vaporization equation

  5. Heat engine efficiency

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, or remains constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state or undergoing a reversible process. Thus an opened bottle allows gas to escape since the entropy increases(disorderliness increases) over time.

Which statement is true for second law of thermodynamics ?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Heat can flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.

  2. You can not create a heat engine which extracts heat and converts it all to useful work.

  3. According to Plank-Kelvin's law under some circumstances a perfect heat engine is possible.

  4. None of these.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The second law of thermodynamics states , that it is impossible to construct a heat engine , operating in cycle , which extracts heat and can convert it all to useful work .In other words , it is impossible for a heat engine to convert heat completely in work .

The efficiency of a heat engine is ,
            $\eta=1-\frac{Q _{2}}{Q _{1}}$
if $Q _{2}=0$ i.e. heat is not given to sink , it means total heat absorbed is converted into work , then
            $\eta=1$ , which is practically not possible .

A heat engine absorbs $Q _1$ heat from hot reservoir and work produced by engine is $W$, then:

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $Q _1$ is always $= W$

  2. only in some special cases $Q _1 = W$ otherwise $Q _1$ is greater than $W$

  3. $Q _1$ is always less than $W$

  4. $Q _1$ is always greater than $W$

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In a heat engine , if $Q _{1}$ is the heat absorbed from reservoir , $W$ be the work done by engine and let $Q _{2}$ be the heat given to sink , then by the first law of thermodynamics 

       $Q _{1}-Q _{2}=W$    (internal energy$dU=0$ for cyclic process)
this equation gives that $Q _{1}$ is always greater than $W$ .

When water freezes, its molecules take on a more structured order. Why doesn't this contradict the Second Law of Thermodynamics? 

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Because the density of the water is decreasing

  2. Because the water is gaining entropy as it goes from liquid to solid state

  3. Because the waters internal energy is decreasing

  4. Because the surroundings are losing entropy

  5. Because the surroundings are gaining entropy

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The Second Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the total amount of disorder, or entropy, in the universe is increasing. The entropy in a particular system can decrease, as with water molecules when they turn to ice, but only if the entropy in the surroundings of that system increases to an equal or greater extent. The Second Law of Thermodynamics holds, but only because the surroundings are gaining entropy, so the correct answer is E . Answer D refers to the key part of the answer, but gives the wrong information about the change in entropy of the surroundings. 
Answer C is not correct. This is an explanation for why the water does not lose heat when it freezes: it is, in fact, losing internal energy. This is an instance of the First Law of Thermodynamics, which states that the change in a systems internal energy is equal to the value of the heat transfer in the system minus the work done by the system. 

Which of the following laws of thermodynamics leads to the inference that it is difficult to convert whole of heat into work :

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. zeroth

  2. second

  3. first

  4. third

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The second law of thermodynamics states that when energy change from one form to another form, entropy in a closed system increases.

In other words it can be stated as,
It is impossible to construct a device which produces no other effect than transfer of heat from lower temperature body to higher temperature body.
Hence it is clear that second law of thermodynamics leads to the interference that is difficult to convert whole of heat into work.

The second law of thermodynamics implies : 

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. whole of heat can be converted into mechanical energy

  2. no heat engine can be 100% efficient

  3. every heat engine has an efficiency of 100%

  4. a refrigerator can reduce the temperature to absolute zero

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

second law of thermodynamics states that ,

"It is impossible to construct a device which produces no other effect than transfer of heat from lower temperature body to higher temperature body."
$\therefore$ The second law of thermodynamics implies that no heat engine can be 100% efficient.

For the conversion of liquid into a solid :

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. orderliness decreases and entropy decreases

  2. orderliness increases and entropy increases

  3. both are not related

  4. orderliness increases and entropy decreases

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Entropy is related to the degree of order in the structure of a system and the second law of thermodynamics means that the system always changes from a more ordered state to a less ordered state in any isolated system.


In the solid phase, the molecules are arranged in a very orderly array. Each atom has a definite equilibrium location in the regular array of atoms and it can only move around with small displacements from its equilibrium position. In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other and move around almost independently from each other in random fashion. In the liquid phase the situation is intermediate, being neither as orderly as in the solid nor as random as in the gas.

Therefore, in the phase transition from liquid into a solid, the $orderliness$ of the molecules $increases$. As the Entropy is a quantity to measure the order of a system. The $entropy$ of a system $decreases$ when the system undergoes a phase transition from liquid to solid.

Hence, $orderliness$ $increases$ $and$ $entropy$ $decreases.$
Therefore, the correct option is $'D'.$

Which of the following is correct for the efficiency of a heat engine:

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $\eta=\dfrac{W}{Q _1}$

  2. $\eta=\dfrac{W}{Q _2-Q _1}$

  3. $\eta=\dfrac{W}{Q _2}$

  4. $\eta=\dfrac{Q _2}{Q _1}$

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of net work done per cycle by the working substance ($W$) to the heat absorbed per cycle from the source ($Q _{1}$) ,

          $\eta=\frac{W}{Q _{1}}$ 

Choose the correct options for the following statements :

A) First law of thermodynamics specifies the conditions under which a body can use its heat energy to produce the work.
B) Second law of thermodynamics states that heat always flows from hot body to cold body by itself.

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Both A and B are true

  2. Both A and B are false

  3. A is true but B is false

  4. A is false B is true

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

First law of thermodynamics just states that $dQ = dW + dU $. 


It does $not$ tell us whether the process is feasible or not neither does it provide any condition to under which the body uses any energy.
Hence, A is false.

Second law of thermodynamics states that heat always flows from hot body to cold body by itself and for heat to flow from a cold body to hot body, external work should be done. 
Thus, B is true.

The coefficient of performance of a refrigeration working between ${ 10 }^{ \circ  }C$ and ${ 20 }^{ \circ  }$ C is :-

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. 1

  2. 14.15

  3. 29.3

  4. 3.53

Show answer
Correct Option: B

The work done in heating on emole of an ideal gas at constant pressure from ${ 15 }^{ 0 }C\quad to\quad { 25 }^{ 0 }C$ is

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. 1.987 cal

  2. 198.7 cal

  3. 9.935 cal

  4. 19.87 cal

Show answer
Correct Option: D

A household refrigerator with a coefficient of performance $1.2$ removes heat from the refrigerated space at the rate of $60kJ/min$. What would be cost of running this fridge for one month (30 days) (assuming each day it is used for $4$ hours and cost of one electrical unit is $6$ Rs.)

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $180$ Rs.

  2. $300$ Rs.

  3. $480$ Rs.

  4. $600$ Rs.

Show answer
Correct Option: D

Which of the following expressions is known as Clausius inequality?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $\oint \frac{dq}{T}\leq 0$

  2. $\oint \frac{dq}{T}= 0$

  3. $\oint \frac{T}{dq}\leq 0$

  4. $\oint \frac{dq}{T}\geq \leq 0$

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:
$(A)\ \phi \dfrac{dq}{T} \le 0$
because according to Clausius statement, it is impossible to construct a device which operate is one a cycle and produce no other effect that transfer of heat from cold body to the hot one.

if Planck's constant h taken into a new systme of units in which new unit of mass is 10 g, new unit of length is 5 m, new unit of time is 100 s, then the value of planck's constant in new systme is $\left( {Given\;h = 6.6x{{10}^{ - 34}}\;js} \right)$

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. 6.6 $x{10^{ - 34}}\;new\;unit$

  2. 2.64 $x{10^{ - 31}}\;new\;unit$

  3. 26.4 $x{10^{ - 31}}\;new\;unit$

  4. 26.4 $x{10^{ - 33}}\;new\;unit$

Show answer
Correct Option: D

Value of planck's constant is

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $6.6 \times 10^{-34} Js$

  2. $6.4 \times 10^{-26} Js$

  3. $6.8 \times 10^{-27} Js$

  4. $6.6 \times 10^{-28} Js$

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Value of Planck's constant, $h=6.6 \times 10^{-34} Js$

Hence, option A is correct.

The temperature below which a gas cannot be liquefied is called 

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Inversion temperature

  2. Neutral temperature

  3. Critical temperature

  4. Curie temperature

Show answer
Correct Option: C

Distribution of energy in the spectrum of a black body can be correctly represented by ?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Wein's law

  2. Stefan's law

  3. Planck's law

  4. Kirchhoff's law

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

because plancks law explain the energy of distribution of energy at low as well as high tempreture.

State whether true or false :

Water cannot be converted into ice by adding ice to it.

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. True

  2. False

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The given statement is false.

Here, both ice and water are at same temperature so that water cannot give out Latent heat to the ice and hence it does not freeze.

Which is not true for Second Law of Thermodynamics?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, or remains constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state or undergoing a reversible process.

  2. It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.

  3. It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle, and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir.

  4. The second law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. The total entropy can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state (equilibrium), or is undergoing a reversible process. In all spontaneous processes, the total entropy always increases and the process is irreversible. The increase in entropy accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes, and the asymmetry between future and past.

Historically, the second law was an empirical finding that was accepted as an axiom of thermodynamic theory. Statistical mechanics, classical or quantum, explains the microscopic origin of the law.
Hence option D is only incorrect option.

During the phase change, when water freezes, its converted to ice in which molecules is in more structured order. Why doesn't this contradict the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. Because the density of the water is decreasing

  2. Because the water is gaining entropy as it goes from liquid to solid state

  3. Because the water's internal energy is decreasing

  4. Because the surroundings are losing entropy

  5. Because the surroundings are gaining entropy

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The heat energy released during the freezing of water goes to the surrounding which increases the entropy of the surrounding. Thus although the entropy of the water decreases, the entropy of the surrounding increases such that the net entropy of system (water) and surrounding is greater than zero which does not violate the Second Law.

Hence option E is correct.

An inventor claims to have developed an engine that takes in $1000\  J$ of heat and produces $1500\  J$ of work during each cycle. Comment on the validity of this claim.

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. The proposed engine claims to produce more work in a cyclic process than the amount of heat that is supplied, so it is in violation of the first law of thermodynamics.

  2. The statement is completely valid as it increases the efficiency by increasing the work output.

  3. The proposed engine claims to produce more work in a cyclic process than the amount of heat that is supplied, so it is in violation of the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

  4. None of these

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

An inventor claims to have developed an engine that takes in 1000 J of heat and produces 1500 J of work during each cycle.The proposed engine claims to produce more work in a cyclic process than the amount of heat that is supplied, so it is in violation of the first law of thermodynamics.

The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed. The first law is often formulated.
${\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W.}$

Calculate the least amount of work that must be done to freeze one gram of water at $0^0C$ by means of the refrigerator.The temperature of the surrounding is $27^0C$.How much heat is passed on the surrounding in this process? Latent heat of fusion $L=80\ cal/g$.

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $87.91\ cal$

  2. $97.91\ cal$

  3. $88.95\ cal$

  4. $89.95\ cal$

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

$L=80 \dfrac{cal}{g}$

$m=1g$
$T _1=27°=300K$
$T _2=0°=273K$
Least work done $W=L \times m \times \dfrac{T _1}{T _2}$
=$80 \times 1 \times \dfrac{300}{273}$
=$87.912 cal$

A heat engine takes in $700\  J$ of heat from high-temperaturere reservoir and rejects $500\  J$ of heat to a lower temperature reservoir. How much work does the engine do in each cycle?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $100\ J$

  2. $20\ J$

  3. $200\ J$

  4. $10\ J$

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Given, $Q _h=700 J$ and $Q _c=500 J$

The work done by a heat engine is given by $W=Q _h=Q _c=700-500=200 J$

Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between temperatures of 900 K and 300 K.

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $87$ %

  2. $67$ %

  3. $100$ %

  4. $45$ %

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Given, the temperature of hot reservoir, $T _h=900 K$ and temperature of cold reservoir, $T _c=300 K$

Thus, the efficiency of the Carnot engine is $\eta=(1-T _c/T _h)\times 100=(1-300/900)\times 100=66.67 $ % $\sim 67$ % 

Heat is supplied to a diatomic gas at constant pressure. The ratio of $\Delta Q:$$\Delta$U:$\Delta$W is:

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. 5:3:2

  2. 7:5:2

  3. 2:3:5

  4. 2:5:7

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:
For a diatomic gas,

$C _V=\dfrac 52R$

$C _P=\dfrac 72 R$

We know that
$\therefore \Delta Q=nC _P \Delta T=n (\dfrac 72 R)\Delta T$

$\Delta U=nC _V \Delta T=n(\dfrac 52 R)\Delta T$

According to first law of thermodynamics,

$\Delta W=\Delta Q-\Delta U=nR \Delta T$

$\therefore \Delta Q: \Delta U: \Delta W=7:5:2$

What would be the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating with boiling water as one reservoir and a freezing mixture of ice and water as the other reservoir?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $27$ %

  2. $77$ %

  3. $20$ %

  4. $67$ %

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The boiling point of water is $100 ^oC$ and freezing point of water is $0^o C$

Thus, $T _h=100+273=373 K$ and $T _c=0+273=273 K$
The efficiency of a Carnot engine , $\eta=(1-\dfrac{T _c}{T _h})\times 100=[1-{373}/{273}]\times 100=26.8\sim 27$ %

Which of the following is not a path function ?

physics heat engine: second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamic

  1. $\Delta$ Q

  2. $\Delta$ Q + $\Delta$ W

  3. $\Delta$ W

  4. $\Delta$ Q - $\Delta$ W

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

$\Delta Q=\Delta U+\Delta W\ \Delta Q-\Delta W=\Delta U$

$\Delta U$ is internal energy which is independent of path.

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