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Introduction to ionic equilibria in solution - class-XII

Description: introduction to ionic equilibria in solution
Number of Questions: 39
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Tags: equilibrium chemistry ionic equilibrium chemical equilibrium and acids-bases
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Which of the following is an example of weak electrolyte?

  1. $H _3BO _3$

  2. $H _2SO _4$

  3. $HNO _3$

  4. $HClO _3$


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Boric acid is very weak acid since it dose not give $H^+$ , instead it takes $OH^-$ from $H _2O$ and become $B{ \left( OH \right)  } _{ 4 }^{ - }$ and Proton is lost from $H _2O$ not from boric acid.

The polymer containing strong intermolecular forces, i.e. hydrogen bonding, is

  1. $\text{Teflon}$

  2. $\text{Nylon-6,6}$

  3. $\text{Polystyrene}$

  4. $\text{Natural rubber}$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Nylon 6,6 has strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding.The substantial strength of polyamides such as nylon 6,6 and Kevlar results from hydrogen bond.

Ionic solutions are good conductors of Electricity.

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

True Because of movement of free ions in ionic solution, they are good conductor of electricity.

Degree of ionisation does not depend on:

  1. nature of the solvent

  2. nature of the electrolyte

  3. dilution

  4. molecular mass of the electrolyte


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Degree of ionization $(\alpha)$ depends on-

1) Concentration of solute
2) Temperature
3) Nature of electrolysis
4) Nature of solvent
5) Dilution
"$\alpha$" does not depend on molecular mass of electrolyte.

Strong electrolyte of the following is?

  1. $01M$ $HAc$

  2. $0.1M$ $HCl$

  3. $0.1M$ $KCl$

  4. $0.1M$ $NaCl$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

B is correct

Because it dissociates completely.

The value of observed and calculate molecular weights of silver nitrate are $92.64$ and $170$ respectively. 


The degree of dissociation of silver nitrate will be :

  1. $60\%$

  2. $83.5\%$

  3. $85.3\%$

  4. $41.6\%$


Correct Option: B

 Protolysis is transfer of:

  1. Hydroxide ions

  2. Water molecules

  3. Anions

  4. Protons


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

protolysis (proton-transfer) reaction that takes place with very weak protonic acids, including water.


Protolysis $\to$ Transfer of $H^{+}$ ion and breaking of bonds by it.

Option D is correct.

In the beginning the reaction, ${\text{A}}\, \rightleftharpoons {\text{B + C,}}$ $2$ mole of $A$ are taken, out of which $0.5$ mole gets dissociated . What is the amount of dissociation of $A$ ?

  1. $0.5$

  2. $1$

  3. $0.25$

  4. $4.2$


Correct Option: A

Pure $PCl _5(g)$ was placed in a flask at $2\,atm$ and left for some time at a cretain temp. Where the following equilibrium was established $PCl _5(g) \rightleftharpoons PCl _3(g)+Cl _2(g)$
Under the given condition,pure oxygen was found to effuse $2.084$ time faster than the equilibrium mixture then $K _p$ of the above reaction is:

  1. $\dfrac{2}{3}$

  2. $\dfrac{3}{2}$

  3. $\dfrac{4}{5}$

  4. $\dfrac{5}{2}$


Correct Option: A

$C+O _{2}\rightarrow CO _{2}-Heat$

  1. Combination reaction

  2. Decomposition reaction

  3. Both $(1)$ and $(2)$

  4. none of these


Correct Option: A

Two elements have electronegativity of 1.2 and 3.0. Bond formed between them would be ________________.

  1. predominantely ionic

  2. predominantely covalent

  3. co-ordinate bond

  4. metallic bond


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Difference of electronegativity between the two atoms is 1.8 so the bond would be predominantly ionic and less covalent. For a bond to be 50% ionic and 50% covalent, the difference between electronegativities should be equal to 1.7.

Which of the following statements are correct about dissociation?

  1. Dissociation generally refers to breaking a compound into smaller pieces, usually reversibly.

  2. Dissociation can happen without the formation of charged species

  3. Both $A$ and $B$

  4. None of these


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. It may or may not form charged species as shown below. 

i). $NaCl \leftrightharpoons Na^++Cl^-$

ii). $N _2O _4 \leftrightharpoons 2NO _2$

Which of the following compounds will be dissociated into its constituent ions?

  1. Solid $NaCl$

  2. Molten $NaCl$

  3. Solid $CaCl _2$

  4. Molten $CaCl _2$


Correct Option: B,D
Explanation:

When electric current is passed through an electrolyte in its molten or aqueous state, the electrolyte is dissociated into its constituent ions.
Molten $NaCl$ breaks down to form $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ where Sodium transfers its valence electron to Chlorine. So Sodium gets one positive charge and Chlorine gets one negative charge.
Molten $CaCl _2$ breaks down to form $Ca^{2+}$ and two $Cl^-$ ion where Calcium transfers its two valence electron to Chlorine. Hence Calcium gets two positive charges and each Chlorine atom gets one negative charge.

Acid strength and acid concentration represents:

  1. degree of dissociation and amount dissolved respectively

  2. amount dissolved and degree of dissociation respectively

  3. degree of dissociation and valency respectively

  4. none of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

 Acid Strength refers to the degree of dissociation ( or ionization) in an aqueous solution. The greater the number of ions dissociated, or the number of cations and anions released in solution, the stronger the acid. Thus,  hydrochloric acid  dissociates completely into $H^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions in solution, so it is very strong. Acetic acid $(CH _3COOH)$,  dissociates feebly and releases few ions in solution, so it is  a weak acid.
Acid Concentration represents the amount of acid dissolved in a solvent. It is  measured in molarity ( the number of moles of acid in 1 L of acid solution), parts per million or percentage. The concentration is a ratio of the solute to solvent content of a solution. Acidic solutions with low numbers of acidic molecules/ions in solution are called dilute solutions whereas those with high numbers of acidic molecules/ions are called concentrated solutions.

Dissociation of molecules can be heterolytic or homolytic but ionisation is always heterolytic.

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Dissociation generally refers to breaking a compound into smaller pieces, usually reversibly. You can have dissociation without the formation of charged species.

For the dissociation of a covalent bond the electron is initially shared between both atoms, thus the dissociation event into ions involves the transfer of an electron from one atom to the other, and hence is also termed ionization.

Which of the following compounds will be dissociated into its constituent ions?

  1. Aqueous $KCl$

  2. Solid $KCl$

  3. Aqueous $MgCl _2$

  4. Solid $MgCl _2$


Correct Option: A,C
Explanation:

When electric current is passed through an electrolyte in its molten or aqueous state, the electrolyte breaks up into its constituent ions.
When aqueous $KCl$ undergoes electrolysis, the ions $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ are formed where potassium transfers its one valence electron to Chlorine. So potassium becomes positively charged and chlorine becomes negatively charged.
When aqueous $MgCl _2$ undergoes electrolysis, the ions $Mg^{2+}$ and two $Cl^-$ ions are formed where magnesium transfers its two valence electron to chlorine. Thus magnesium gets two positive charges and each chlorine gets one negative charge.

The degree of ionisation does not depend upon :

  1. its nature

  2. its volume

  3. its dilution

  4. its temperature


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The degree of ionization depends on nature of electrolyte, dilution of electrolyte, and temperature but does not depend on the volume of electrolyte.


$NaCl \longrightarrow Na^+ +Cl^-$
The above reaction is ionization or dissociation?

  1. Dissociation

  2. Ionization

  3. Both ionization and dissociation

  4. None of these


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Dissociation is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.

Hence, $ NaCl(aq.)\quad \rightleftarrows \quad { Na }^{ + }(aq.)\quad +\quad { Cl }^{ - }(aq.) $  is a dissociation reaction.

What is a net ionic equation?

  1. An equation that includes only the substances that are actually participating in the reaction.

  2. An equation that includes all the substances that are in the reaction.

  3. A equation written so that all ions are shown.

  4. An equation written so all charges are balanced on each side.

  5. An equation that includes only ions.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A net ionic equation is an equation that includes only the substances that are actually participating in the reaction.

Which of the followings is/are dissociation and not ionization?

  1. $H _2O \rightarrow H^+ + OH^-$

  2. $HCl \rightarrow H^+ + Cl^-$

  3. $Cl _2 \rightarrow 2Cl^.$

  4. $KCl \rightarrow K^+ + Cl^-$


Correct Option: C,D
Explanation:

Dissociation is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.

$ { Cl } _{ 2 }\rightarrow 2{ Cl }^{ \bullet  } $ - Radical formation is there.

$ KCl\rightarrow { K }^{ + }+{ Cl }^{ - } $ - Ion formation is there.

The dissociation constants of monobasic acids A,B,C and D are $6 \times 10^{4}, 5 \times 10^{5}, 3.6 \times 10^{6}\ and\ 7 \times 10^{10}$ respectively. The pH values of their 0.1 molar aqueous solutions are in the order:

  1. A < B < C < D

  2. A > B > C > D

  3. A = B = C = D

  4. A > B < C > D


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

As the dissociation constant increases (A<B<C<D), dissociation of acid increases (A<B<C<D) and hence $[H^+]$ increases  (A<B<C<D) and hence pH value  decreases  (A>B>C>D)

The $K _a$ value for the acid $HA$ is $1.0 \times 10^{-6}$. What is the value of K for the  following reaction?
$A^+ + H _3O^+\rightleftharpoons HA + H _2O$

  1. $1.0 \times 10^{-8}$

  2. $1.0 \times 10^8$

  3. $1.0 \times 10^{-3}$

  4. $1.0 \times 10^6$


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

$HA + H _2O\rightleftharpoons A^+ + H _3O^+$
$K _a=\dfrac{[A^-].[H _3O^+]}{[HA]}=10^{-6}$
As the given reaction is the reverse of above reaction $K$ will the reciprocal of the above reaction.
Therefore, $K=10^6$

$pK _a$ values of four acids are given below at $25^oC$. Indicate the strongest acid.

  1. 2.0

  2. 3.0

  3. 2.5

  4. 4.0


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

$Ka$ represents the ionisation constant of an acid. It is a measure of the strength of the acid, provided the temperature remains constant.

    $pKa=-log(Ka)$

When $pKa=2$
           $2=-log(Ka)$
           $Ka=0.01$

When $pKa3$
           $3=-log(Ka)$
           $Ka=0.001$

Similarly, as $pKa $ values increase, $Ka$ value decrease and the acid becomes less strong. Hence smaller the $pKa$ value larger the $Ka$ value and hence stronger the acid.

So, the correct option is $A$

Which of the following is/are ionization and not dissociation?

  1. $HCl \rightarrow H^+ + Cl^-$

  2. $Mg^+ \rightarrow Mg^{2+} + e^- $

  3. $Br _2 \rightarrow 2Br^.$

  4. $HBr \rightarrow H^+ + Br^-$


Correct Option: A,D
Explanation:

In dissociation separation of ions take place which are already present as ions in the solid state. For example in the crystal structure of $NaCl$, $NaCl$ is present as $Na$ and $Cl$.

 In ionization, splitting of a neutral molecule into ions which are charged happen.
$HCl$ and $HBr$ are neutral $\mu $, there is no charge separation. But in solution they get ionised.

The process in which metal surface is made inactive is called:

  1. passivation

  2. galvanizing

  3. corrosion

  4. pickling


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Passivation involves creation of an outer layer of shield material that is applied as a microcoating, created by chemical reaction with the base material, or allowed to build from spontaneous oxidation in the air.

Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide. 

Pickling is the process of preserving or expanding the lifespan of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. 

The number of ions given by one molecule of $K {4}Fe(CN) _{6}$ after complete dissociation is___________.

  1. $5$

  2. $11$

  3. $2$

  4. $10$


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

$K _4Fe(CN) _6\longrightarrow 4K^++[Fe(CN) _6]^{-4}$

Total number of ions on complete dissociation= $5$
As ions in co-ordination sphere will not dissociate so $Fe^{2+}$ and $CN^-$ ions will not dissociate into their respective ions.

Ionisation constant of each HA (weak acid) and BOH (weak base) are $3.0 x 10^{-7}$ each at 298K. The percentage degree of hydrolysis of BA at the dilution of 10L is :

  1. 25

  2. 50

  3. 75

  4. 40

  5. Data is insufficient


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

$\frac{h}{1-h}=\sqrt{KH}=\sqrt{\frac{kw}{K _{a}k _{b}}}=\sqrt{\frac{10^{-24}}{(3 \times 10^{-7})^{2}}}=\frac{1}{3}\Rightarrow h=0.25$

The degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte increases by :

  1. increasing the concentration of weak electrolyte solution

  2. adding a common ion

  3. dissolution in solvent of low dielectric constant

  4. adding more amount of solvent into the solution


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

When more amount of solvent is added to the solution, it helps in dissociating the molecules into ions of a weak electrolyte. Thus, degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte increases upon dilution.

Which of the following statements is not correct?

  1. Copper liberates hydrogen from acids

  2. In its higher oxidation states, manganese forms stable compounds with oxygen and fluorine

  3. $Mn^{3+}$ and $Co^{3+}$ are oxidising agents in aqueous solution

  4. $Ti^{2+}$ and $Cr^{2+}$ are reducing agents in aqueous solution


Correct Option: A
When sulphuric acid dissolves in water, the following reactions take place:

$H _2SO _4\longrightarrow H^+ +HSO _4^-$  ($100\%$ ionisation)

$H _2SO _4^-\longrightarrow H^+ +SO _4^{2-}$     ($10\%$ ionisation)

If $0.2 M$ aqueous solution of $H _2SO _4$ was taken, the concentration of $[SO _4^{2-}]$ will be:
  1. $0.1$ M

  2. $0.01$ M

  3. $0.2$ M

  4. $0.02$ M


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
$Step \: I: \: H _2SO _4\longrightarrow H^+ +HSO _4^-$;      $100$% ionisation

$Step \: II: \: HSO _4^-\longrightarrow H^+ +SO _4^{2-}$;     $10$% ionisation

     $H^++H _2O\longrightarrow H _3O^+$

$SO _4^{2-} \: is \: from \: step \: II$.

$Step \: I:  \: 100$% and hence, $[H^+]= 0.2 \: M$.

and  $[HSO _4^-]=0.2 \: M$.

$Step \: II :\:  \: 10$% and hence, $[H^+]=0.2 \times  0.1= 0.02 \:M$

and  $[SO _4^{2-}]= 0.02 \:M$.

Total $[H _3O^+]=0.2 + 0.02 =0.22 \:M$, 

$[SO _4^{2-}]= 0.02 \:M$ and $[HSO _4^-] =0.20-0.02 =0.18 \:M$.

Hence, the correct option is $(D)$

Generally speaking, how can you determine the charge of an ion formed by a representative element?

  1. The charge of the ion formed is related to the element's group number.

  2. The charge of the ion is related to the element's period number.

  3. An ion's charge is always 1/2 the atomic number.

  4. The charge of the ion is the number of valence electrons minus the number of core electrons.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Representative elements : s-block and p-block elements are representative elements.
The charge of the ion formed is related to the element's group number.
For example:
As Group-1 elements have +1 charge.
As Group-2 elements have +2 charge.

$\frac { N } { 10 }$ acetic acid was titrated with $\frac { N } { 10 }$ NaOH.When $25 \% , 50 \%$ and $75$$\%$ of titration is over then the pH of the solution will be $: \left[ \mathrm { K } _ { a } = 10 ^ { - 5 } \right]$

  1. $5 + \log 1 / 3,5,5 + \log 3$

  2. $5 + \log 3,4,5 + \log 1 / 3$

  3. $5 - \log 1 / 3,5,5 - \log 3$

  4. $5 - \log 1 / 3,4,5 + \log 1 / 3$


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
t     CH_3COOH         NaOH          CH_3COO^-Na^+

0       0.1                      0.1
    
25%   0.1-0.025        0.1-0.025         0.025

50%   0.1-0.050        0.1-0.050         0.050

75%   0.1-0.075         0.1-0.075          0.075

$pH=- \log K _a+\log \dfrac{[salt]}{[acid]}$

t= 25%

$pH=5+\log \dfrac{0.025} {0.075}$

$pH=5+\log \dfrac{1} {3}$

t= 50%

$pH=5+\log \dfrac{0.050} {0.050}$

$pH=5+\log 1=5$

t= 75%

$pH=5+\log \dfrac{0.075} {0.025}$

$pH=5+\log 3$

Two electrolytic cells containing molten solutions of Nickel chloride and Aluminium chloride are connected in series. If same amount of electric current is passed through them, what will be the weight of Nickel obtained when $18gm$ of Aluminium is obtained? $\left( Al-27gm/mole,Ni-58.5gm/{ mole }^{ -1 } \right) $

  1. $58.5gm$

  2. $117gm$

  3. $29.25gm$

  4. $5.85gm$


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
$By Faraday's Second Law$
$\frac{(m)N _{i}}{(m) _{N _{A1}}}=\frac{(E)N _{i}}{(E) _{N _{A1}}}$
$\frac{(m)N _{i}}{18}=\frac{58.5\times 2}{3\times 27}$
$(m){N _{i}}=58.5 g$

100 mL of 1 M HCl is mixed with 50 mL of 2 M HCl. Hence, $[H 3O^+]$ is _______.

  1. 1.00 M

  2. 1.50 M

  3. 1.33 M

  4. 3.00 M


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

FInal concentration of $H _3O^+,[H _3O^+]$=$\cfrac {V _1S _1+V _2S _2}{V _1+V _2}$

                                                                 =$\cfrac {100 \times 1+ 50 \times 2}{100 + 50}$
                                                                 =$ 1.33M$ .

What concentrations of $CH _3COOH$ and $CH _3COONa$ are needed to prepare a 0.10M buffer at pH 5.0?

  1. 0.09

  2. 0.06

  3. 0.6

  4. 0.9


Correct Option: B

Solubility of $MX _{ 2 }$ type electrolytes is $0.5\times 10^{ -4 } mol/L$, Then find out ${ K } _{ sp }$ of electrolytes.

  1. $5\times 10^{ -12 }$

  2. $25\times 10^{ -10 }$

  3. $1\times 10^{ -13 }$

  4. $5\times 10^{ -13 }$


Correct Option: D

Diamagnetism is exhibited by_____

  1. cobalt

  2. water

  3. oxygen

  4. iron


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Diamagnetic materials, like wateror water-based materials, have a relative magnetic permeability that is less than or equal to 1, and therefore a magnetic susceptibility less than or equal to 0. Diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnetic fields.

$H _2O \longrightarrow H^+ + OH^-$
The above reaction is dissociation or ionization?

  1. Dissociation

  2. Ionization

  3. Both dissociation and ionization together

  4. None of these


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions. It does not split like in dissociation reaction.

Therefore, $ { H } _{ 2 }O\rightarrow \quad { H }^{ + }+{ { OH }^{ - } } $ is an ionization reaction. 

Which will not affect the degree of ionisation?

  1. Temperature

  2. Concentration

  3. Type of solvent

  4. Current


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Degree of ionisation changes according to the temperature, concentration and the type of electrolyte like strong electrolyte or weak electrolyte, it does not varies with current.

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