Mathura was an important religious center as well. It was an important center of worship of Lord Krishna. Buddhist monasteries and Jain shrines were also present in Mathura.

Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti was a celebrated Sufi saint who settled in the city of Ajmer in the twelfth century. In the 12th century, the city of Ajmer (Rajastan) was the capital of the Chauhan kings. The city provides for an excellent example of religious coexistence. The Pushkar lake which is very famous amongst pilgrims is also loacted near the city.

The town of Thanjavur is loacted in the current Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was the capital of the erstwhile Chola kingdom. The river Kaveri flows near it. Thanjavur is also an example of a temple town. Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop. Temples were often central to the economy and society in such towns.

From the eighth century onwards, the subcontinent was dotted with several small towns. These probably emerged from large villages. They usually had a mandapika (or mandi of later times) to which nearby villagers brought their produce to sell.

As per a 10th Century inscription found in Rajasthan, there were taxes on sugar and jaggery, dyes, thread, and cotton, on coconuts, salt, areca nuts, butter, sesame oil, on cloth.

With its rugged, mountainous landscape, Kabul (Afghanistan) became politically and commercially important from the sixteenth century onwards. Kabul and Qandahar were linked to the celebrated Silk Route. Besides, trade in horses was primarily carried on through this route.
Camels carried dried fruits, dates, carpets, silks and even fresh fruits from Kabul to the subcontinent and elsewhere. Slaves were also brought here for sale.

In the medieval period, since traders had to pass through many kingdoms and forests, they usually travelled in caravans and formed guilds to protect their interests. There were several such guilds in south India from the eighth century onwards the most famous being the Manigramam and Nanadesi. These guilds traded extensively both within the peninsula and with Southeast Asia and China.

From the 8th century onwards, some traders lived in the town, others travelled from town to town. Many came from far and near to these towns to buy local articles and sell products of distant places like horses, salt, camphor, saffron, betel nut and spices like pepper.

From the eighth century onwards, the subcontinent was dotted with several small towns. These probably emerged from large villages. They had market streets called hatta (haat of later times) lined with shops. Besides, there were streets for different kinds of artisans such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stonemasons, etc.

The towns on the west coast were home to Arab, Persian, Chinese, Jewish and Syrian Christian traders. Indian spices and cloth sold in the Red Sea ports were purchased by Italian traders and eventually reached European markets, fetching very high profits. Spices grown in tropical climates (pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg,dried ginger, etc.) became an important part of European cooking, and cotton cloth was very attractive.This eventually drew European traders to India.

As per the 10th century inscription found in Rajasthan, there were taxes in kind on : Sugar and jaggery, dyes, thread, and cotton,on coconuts, salt, areca nuts, butter, sesame oil, on cloth. Besides, there were taxes on traders, on those who sold metal goods, on distillers, on oil, on cattle fodder, and on loads of grain. Some of these taxes were collected in kind, while others were collected in cash.

With its rugged, mountainous landscape, Kabul (Afghanistan) became politically and commercially important from the sixteenth century onwards. Kabul and Qandahar were linked to the celebrated Silk Route. Besides, trade in horses was primarily carried on through this route. Camels carried dried fruits, dates, carpets, silks and even fresh fruits from Kabul to the subcontinent and elsewhere. Slaves were also brought here for sale.

As per a 10th century inscription found in Rajasthan, there were taxes on traders, on those who sold metal goods, on distillers, on oil, on cattle fodder, and on loads of grain. Some of these taxes were collected in kind, while others were collected in cash.

During the medieval period, the towns on the west coast were home to Arab, Persian, Chinese, Jewish and Syrian Christian traders. Indian spices and cloth sold in the Red Sea ports were purchased by Italian traders and eventually reached European markets, fetching very high profits.

Bidar is a town loated in the current Indian state of Karnataka. The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called Bidri. The Panchalas or Vishwakarma community, consisting of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, masons and carpenters, were essential to the building of temples. They also played an important role in the construction of palaces, big buildings, tanks and reservoirs.

Usually a samanta or, in later times,a zamindar built a fortified palace in or near small towns. They levied taxes on traders, artisans and articles of trade and sometimes "donated" the "right" to collect these taxes to local temples, which had been built by themselves or by rich merchants.

Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking. Gradually a large number of priests, workers, artisans, traders, etc. settled near temple to cater to its needs and those of the pilgrims.

From the eighth century onwards the subcontinent was dotted with several small towns. These probably emerged from large villages. They usually had a mandapika or mandi of later time to which nearby villagers brought their produce to sell.

Ajmer, Rajasthan was the capital of the Chauhan Kings in the twelfth century and later became the suba headquarters under the Mughals. It provides an excellent example of religious coexistance.

As the traders had to pass through many kingdoms and forests, they usually travelled in caravans and formed guilds to protect their interests. In eighth century the most famous guilds were the Manigramam and Nanadesi. These guilds traded extensively both within the peninsula and with Southeast Asia and China.

Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop. Temples were often central to the economy and society.

Rulers built temples to demonstrate their devotion to various deities. They also endowed temples with grants of land and money to carry out elaborate rituals, feed pilgrims and priests and celebrate festivals. Pilgrims who flocked to the temples also made donations.

Towns emerged around temples such as those of Bhillasvamin or Bhilsa or Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh and Somnath in Gujrta. Other important tempe towns included Kanchipuram and Madurai in Tamil Nadu and Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh.

The small towns had market streets called hatta or haat of later times lined with shops. Besides, there were streets for different kinds of artisans such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stone masons etc.

Spices grown in tropical climates became an important part of European cooking and cotton cloth was very attractive. This eventually drew European traders to India.

The town of Bidar is located in the current Indian state of Karnataka. The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called as Bidri.