Johann Gutenberg holds the distinction of being the inventor of the movable-type printing press. In 1455, Gutenberg produced what is considered to be the first book ever printed: a Latin language Bible, printed in Mainz, Germany.

Earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. Paper was also produced in China for the first time. Imperial state in China is the major producer of printing material. By the 17th century urban culture had blossomed in China preferring varied interests in reading such as poetry, autobiographies, romantic plays, etc. This new reading preferences led to arrival of new technologies. The Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing technology onto Japan. Thus, China remained pioneer in printing technologies since ages. 

"lstri Dharam Vichar," wrote by Shri Ram Chaddha

Hickey's Bengal Gazette was an English newspaper published from Kolkata (then Calcutta), India. It was the first major newspaper in India, started in 1780. It was published for two years. It was founded by James Augustus Hickey.

• During independence movement Indian technology was totally underdeveloped and books and newspapers were the only source to spread philosophical thoughts of people from one to the other and these sources were very much available at salons and coffee houses.
  
• Many vernacular newspapers were introduced to enlighten people from all the corners.
  

Novels had played a very significant role for imbibing a sense of nationalism in Indians.
Novels had brought this aspect by bringing together people from varied background and produced a sense of shared community.

The weekly newspaper Bengal Gazette was started by James Augustus Hicky. It was the first newspaper to be printed in Asia. The newspaper was a strong critic of Governor General Warren Hasting's administration, which led to the seizing of the printing press by East India Company. 

Hanumantha Rao Mohare was one of the promoters of Kannada press which supported a series of progressive movements in Karnataka. He also played an important role in the promotion of Kannada press which played a major role in the restoration of democracy and press freedom in post-independence years. He was one amongst the prominent editors who was responsible for the growth of the newspapers like Samyukta Karnataka which was considered the people’s newspaper for the people in Karnataka during the turbulent national freedom movement.

Cai Lun is regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process in 105 AD. He created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. He took paper beyond being a technical invention and helped drive its widespread adoption such that it became a successful innovation.

Cai Lun is regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process in 105 AD. He created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste and then pressed, drained and dried the pulp to create paper. He took paper beyond being a technical invention and helped drive its widespread adoption such that it became a successful innovation.

The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them. 

Lala Lajpat Rai, popularly known as Punjab Kesari, was a prominent nationalist leader who played an important role in India's freedom struggle. His fierce brand of patriotism and potent vocalism against the British rule earned him the title of ‘Punjab Kesari’ or the Lion of the Punjab. 

• First kind of printing system was press-printing system. Earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
  
• This was system of hand printing. In AD 594 in China printing was done by rubbing paper by wooden blocks. It totally depended on pressing one against the the other on which the matter has to be printed.
  

• Gulamgiri was written by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. He was an Indian activist, thinker, and social reformer. He was born in Maharashtra on April 11^th 1827 and died on 28^th November 1890.
  
• He occupied a unique position among 19th-century social activists. He revolted against unjust caste system under which millions of people suffered.
  
• He established Sathya Sodhak Samaj to spread caste equality. In 1873 he wrote Gulamgiri which means slavery and dedicated to all Americans who fought to free slaves. He established a link between lower castes of India and black slaves of America.
  

Al Hilal was a weekly Urdu language journal established by the Indian leader Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. He began publishing it in 1912 to arouse a new political consciousness, a desire for freedom in the religious class. He called for a revival of the faith, to win the freedom represented by Islam, which was relevant to all aspects of life.

a. Buddhist missionaries

Lord Lytton was the Viceroy from 1876 – 1880 and was known as the Viceroy with reverse characters. Some of the main aspects during his rule were

• Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India.
  
• He introduced the Vernacular Press Act( 1878) and Indian Arms Act (1879).