• In Agarose gel electrophoresis we separate macromolecules like DNA, RNA and protein on the basis of their molecular size and charge.
• In this Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel. 
• DNA migrate towards anode.

• Yeasts are fungi that grow as single cells, producing daughter cells either by budding (the budding yeasts) or by binary fission (the fission yeasts)
  
• A small bud which will become the daughter cell is formed on the parent (mother) cell and enlarges with continued growth. As the daughter cell grows, the mother cell duplicates and then segregates its DNA. The nucleus divides and migrates into the daughter cell.
• Hence Budding in Yeast is the correct mode of reproduction.
• So, the correct answer is 'Budding in Yeast'.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive bacterium that produces crystals during sporulation. These crystals comprise ~130 kDa protoxins called crystal proteins which are potent and highly specific insecticides. Once ingested by specific host, these crystals dissolve in the alkaline conditions of the gut thereby activating the protoxins. The active toxins then bind to receptors on midgut epithelial cells, become inserted into the plasma membrane where they form pores leading to cell death through osmotic lysis. Option A is the correct answer.

Certain animals like earthworm have both the sexes i.e., male and female reproductive system in one body itself. Such organisms are called as hermaphrodite. They tend to reproduce sexual by copulating.

HeLa cells, are cancerous cells  belonging to a cultured strain isolated from a patient suffering from cervical cancer. The designation HeLa is derived from the name of the patient, Henrietta Lacks. This cell line has been extensively used in cell biology research like cancers, effect of various carcinogens and xenobiotics on human cells etc. 

Discoblastula is disc shaped blastula which is formed by meroblastic discoidal cleavage as in fishes, reptiles, birds and egg laying mammals.

Sertoli cells are non-gametic cells in the seminiferous tubules which provide nourishment for developing sperms.

Entrance of a single sperm into an oocytes called monospermy generally monospermy is found in most of the animals. Cortical granules are extruded in the perivitelline space by exocytosis and some of these are attached along the inner surface of vitelline membrane which now thickens and becomes impervious to any other sperm entry. It is now called fertilization membrane. It prevents the polyspermy.

Testes in mammals are present out side the abdominal cavity because maturation of sperm needs low temperature. The temperature of scrotum is below (2 to 4$^{o}C$) than abdominal cavity.

Zygote divide vertically to form two blastomeres. This is followed by a vertical division and a horizontal division. Now, several divisions occur forming equal sized blastomeres called morula. There is no increase in size of cells. Zona pellucida is a transparent non cellular layer surrounding egg cell. It remains undivided till the cleavage is complete.

Reproduction is a biological process by which new individual organism is produced from their parents. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all life. Reproduction helps the species to live a long period of life. Sexual reproduction also links with a variation in species which help in them for survival. 

• A human being a complex eukaryotic organism with a well developed reproductive system have greater reproductive potential and since the variation is seen in the offspring chances of survival are most.
  

Genetic engineering allows of plants or animals to be modified so their maturity can occur at a quicker pace. Engineering can allow this maturity to occur outside of the normal growth conditions that are favorable without genetic changes as well. Even if there is higher levels of heat or lower levels of light, it becomes possible to expand what can be grown in those conditions. Genetic modification can help to create resistance to common forms of organism death. Pest resistance can be included into the genetic profiles of plants so they can mature as a crop without any further additives. Animals can have their genetic profiles modified to reduce the risks of common health concerns that may affect the breed or species. This creates the potential for an extended lifespan for each organism. With genetic engineering, new products can be created by adding or combining different profiles together. This process is called cloning. This makes it possible for more people to get what they need nutritionally, even if their food access is limited, and this could potentially reduce global food insecurity.

Indigenous species are the ones that are found naturally in a particular habitat or they are native to that place.

Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism. Gene manipulation is also sometimes called the genetic engineering. It is a general term for any method which manipulate with the genetic material. Gene manipulation includes gene splicing, use of recombinant DNA, forming of the monoclonal antibodies or PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

Asexual reproduction is also called somatogenic reproduction, in these new organisms are produced from the somatic part of the parent organism.