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Role of hormones in coordination - class-X

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Which one of the following statements is correct?

  1. Endocrine glands regulate neural activity, but not vice versa

  2. Neurons regulate endocrine activity, but not vice versa

  3. Endocrine glands regulate neural activity, and nervous system regulates endocrine glands

  4. Neither hormones control neural activity nor the neurons control endocrine activity


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Endocrine system, like the nervous system, is meant for internal communication and regulation of the animal body. These two systems operate in a coordinated way on many occasions. Many important functions of the endocrine system are infact, under the control of nervous system. Therefore, the two systems are often collectively called as neuroendocrine system

Which part of the body produces the Growth Hormone Releasing Factor (GHRF) ?

  1. Thyroid Gland

  2. Hypothalamus

  3. Pituitary Gland

  4. Pineal Gland


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Growth hormonereleasing hormone (GHRH), also known as somatocrinin or by several other names in its endogenous forms and as somatorelin (INN) in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone of growth hormone (GH). It is a 44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Which of the following hormone helps the body in extreme conditions?

  1. Adrenaline

  2. Cortisone

  3. Thyroxine

  4. Stimulating Hormone


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Cortisone secreted by the Peripheral Cortex of the Adrenal Gland helps body during extreme condition such as high or low temperature. It also helps in burns and several infections.

Which part of the intestine is connected to the Pancreas?

  1. Jejunum

  2. Ilem

  3. Duodenum

  4. Islets of Langerhans


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The Pancreas is about 6 inches long and sits across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen and is connected to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine) through a small tube called the pancreatic duct.

Which cells of the Pancreas helps in conversion of Glycogen to Glucose?

  1. Alpha Cells

  2. Beta Cells

  3. Gamma Cells

  4. Delta Cells


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The pancreas releases glucagon, which is produced by Alpha cells of Pancreas, when the concentration of insulin (and indirectly glucose) in the bloodstream falls too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.

Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the endocrine system?

  1. Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amounts that acts as intercellular messenger are known as hormones

  2. Releasing and inhibitory hormones are produced by the pituitary gland

  3. Adenohypophysis is under direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus

  4. Organs in the body like gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney and liver do not produce ay hormones


Correct Option: A

Aakash has a swollen neck. He is losing his weight from last few months drastically. When checked, the heart rate also seems to be increased. He claims that he is not able to sleep properly and he feels restless. What can be the probable diagnosis of this situation?

  1. Hyperthyroidism

  2. Hypothyroidism

  3. Diabetes Mellitus

  4. Insomnia


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.

You see a dog running towards you and you felt that your respiration and heart beat has started increasing and then you also started running. Which hormone has been responsible for this?

  1. Adrenaline

  2. Cortisone

  3. Insulin

  4. Thyroxine


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The production of adrenaline occurs in the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys. Adrenaline is responsible for the fight-or-flight reaction to a threat, and it triggers specific processes in the body. For example, it might make the body send extra oxygen to the lungs to aid a person to run away.


Alex these days feels exhausted without doing any work. He has got infections. He gets hungry and thirsty easily. He goes to washroom every now and then. What do you diagnose?

  1. Goitre

  2. Cretinism

  3. Myxedema

  4. Diabetes Mellitus


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Polyphagia is the medical term used to describe excessive hunger or increased appetite and is one of the 3 main signs of diabetes. ... Also known as hyperphagia, it is one of the three main symptoms of diabetes, along with: Polydipsia (increased thirst) and. Polyuria (frequent, excessive urination)

Ishika's mother visited doctor's clinic yesterday. After looking at the blood report, doctor asked her not to eat sweet dishes or avoid intake of sugar. What do you think what can be the reason for this advise given by the doctor? Choose the right option for this case.

  1. The thyroid secretion is increased in the body due to which the sugar level in the body is increased.

  2. The adrenaline is secreted due to which her mother eats more sweet dishes when seen.

  3. The insulin secretion is decreased due to which the blood sugar level is increased.

  4. The insulin secretion is increased due to which the blood sugar level is increased.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

With too little insulinthe body can no longer move glucose from the blood into the cells, causing high blood glucose levels. If the glucose level is high enough, excess glucose spills into the urine. This makes the body tired and can cause weight loss.

Hormones are carried from endocrine system to target organs linked through

  1. Blood

  2. Lymph

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of these


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Hormones secreted by the endocrine system have to be carried throughout to body by the circulating blood to act where ever required.

The endocrine system which of the following functions?

  1. The endocrine system is responsible for regulating gene expression.

  2. The endocrine system is responsible for regulating dominant genes.

  3. The endocrine system is responsible for releasing, monitoring and regulating hormones.

  4. The endocrine system is responsible for communication between sensory systems.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The endocrine system do not regulate gene expression nor controls the release of dominant genes. It is also not responsible for communication between sensory system but is responsible for releasing, monitoring and regulating hormones.

Steroid hormones regulate gene activity through

  1. Transcription

  2. Binding with specific DNA sites

  3. Removing the repressor molecules

  4. The formation of a receptor complex


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Steroids, though actually enter the cell and interact with steroid receptor proteins to control gene expression. In steroid receptor proteins, the N-terminal region of the protein is required to activate transcription. Negative and positive autoregulatory feedback loops serve to limit or augment hormonal responses, respectively. Autoregulation of the mRNAs encode oestrogen, progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors by the steroid hormones in reproductive tissues. These post-transcriptional mRNA effects cause steroid hormones to impact the expression of a large population of genes. 

A ........................... mechanism regulates the action of hormones.

  1. Feed back

  2. Cascade

  3. Both A and B

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Feedback mechanism is the mechanism of the body to maintain the levels of hormones in the body in the desired limits. An increase or decrease in the levels of the hormones triggers the feedback mechanism.
The body has two types of feedback mechanisms, positive and negative feedback mechanism.
Example:
Negative feedback mechanism: Whenever there is a change in the normal state, the messages are sent to ‘increase’ secretions if there is a fall below normal or to ‘decrease’ secretions if there is a rise above normal to restore the normal body state. Such a mechanism is called a negative feedback mechanism. The increase in the blood sugar level stimulates the secretion of insulin so that the sugar level is maintained. If the blood sugar level falls below normal, then it stimulates the secretion of glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, and thus, the normal sugar level is maintained.

So, the correct answer is 'Feed back'.

Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress. In addition to its function in a stress response, it functions in negative feedback by

  1. Inhibiting hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH

  2. Inhibiting anterior pituitary's ability to respond to CRH

  3. Inhibiting the epinephrine

  4. Both A and B


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
  • One distinctive feature of hormones whose secretion is regulated through the hypothalamus and pituitary is that they regulate their own secretion through negative feedback inhibition. 
  •  for example, cortisol binds to its receptor on cells in the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis, and has the effect of inhibiting secretion of tropic hormones: in this case, CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). 
  • Less tropic hormone secretion leads to less stimulation of cortisol secretion by cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Hence, Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress. In addition to its function in a stress response, it functions in negative feedback by Inhibiting hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone or CRH and  Inhibiting anterior pituitary's ability to respond to CRH. 
So, the correct answer is 'both A and B.

Epinephrine level in blood increases in response to stress. This hormone is known to affect the rate of glycolysis in different organs of the body. The rates of glycolysis in liver, heart and skeletal muscles in response to rise in blood epinephrine (in comparison to non-stress condition) is expected to be

  1. Unaffected in liver, low in heart, and high in skeletal muscles

  2. High in liver, low in heart, and low and skeletal muscles

  3. Unaffected in liver, high in heart, and low in skeletal muscles

  4. Low in liver, high in heart, and high in skeletal muscles


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Epinephrine is the hormone released in response to stress conditions. The rise in the hormone level in he blood causes an increase in ATP production for which the rates of glycolysis increases in the muscles (heart and skeletal muscles). The synthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis takes place in the liver and so, the rate of glycolysis is low. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Which illustrates feed back in development

  1. As tissue 'X' develops, it secretes enzyme to inhibit development of tissue 'Y'

  2. As tissue 'X' develops, it secretes something that induces tissue 'Y' to develop

  3. As tissue 'X' develops, it secretes something that slows down growth of tissue 'Y'

  4. Tissue 'X' secretes RNA which changes the development of tissue 'Y'.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The X and Y tissue system is observed in Crustaceans. The X organ produces hormones that control development, to prevent molting during development it releases an antiecdysis hormone, which stops the Y organ from secreting the molting hormone.
Therefore, the correct answer is' As tissue 'X' develops, it secretes enzyme to inhibit development of tissue 'Y'

Besides corticotropin releasing hormone(CRH) which other hormone also stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)?

  1. Glucagon

  2. Insulin

  3. Aldosterone

  4. Epinephrine


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Epinephrine acts on nearly all body tissues and its actions vary by tissue type and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. The  β adrenergic receptor binding helps in increasing the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the pituitary glands.

Blood sugar level is an example of _______

  1. Positive feed back mechanism

  2. Negative feedback mechanism

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of these


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The body has a mechanism to maintain a normal state. Whenever there is change in thus state there are messages through the body systems to increase if there is a fall below the normal , or decrease if there is rise above the normal. This kind of ordering for the opposite. Is negative feedback to restore the normal state.

Hormonal secretions are controlled by

  1. Feedback mechanism

  2. Autosomal disorder

  3. Genetic disorder

  4. None


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

'Too much, slow down or too little, speed up' -this is the feedback mechanism. the body has a mechanism to maintain a normal state. Whenever there is a change in this state there are messages through the body systems to increase if there is a fall below the normal, or decrease if there is rise above the normal.  This kind of ordering for the opposite Is negative feedback to restore the normal state. examples of positive feedback mechanisms are very few. One example is that of uterine contractions during childbirth. The normal state of the uterus is uncontracted, one contraction instead of commanding to come to normal gives a message to continue further (positive feedback till the delivery is completed).

So, the correct answer is 'Feedback mechanism'.

Uterine contraction during child birth is an example of ______

  1. Positive feed back mechanism

  2. Negative feedback mechanism

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of these


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Examples of positive feed back mechanisms are very few. One example is that of uterine contractions during child birth. Normal state of uterus is un contacted, one contraction instead of commanding to come to normal gives a message to continue further (positive feedback till the delivery is completed).

'Too much, slow down or too little, speed up' this is the of

  1. Feedback mechanism

  2. Autosomal disorder

  3. Genetic disorder

  4. None


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

'Too much, slow down or too little, speed up' -this is the feedback mechanism. the body has a mechanism to maintain a normal state. Whenever there is a change in this state there are messages through the body systems to increase if there is a fall below the normal, or decrease, if there is a rise above the normal. This kind of ordering for the opposite Is negative feedback to restore the normal state.

So, the correct answer is 'Feedback mechanism'.

Feedback mechanisms can be

  1. Positive

  2. Negative

  3. Both

  4. None


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

'Too much, slow down or too little, speed up' -this is the feedback mechanism. the body has a mechanism to maintain a normal state. Whenever there is a change in this state there are messages through the body systems to increase if there is a fall below the normal, or decrease if there is rise above the normal.  This kind of ordering for the opposite Is negative feedback to restore the normal state. examples of positive feedback mechanisms are very few. One example is that of uterine contractions during childbirth. The normal state of the uterus is uncontracted, one contraction instead of commanding to come to normal gives a message to continue further (positive feedback till the delivery is completed).

So, the correct answer is 'Both'.

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