Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) was the brainchild of P Chidambaram. Chidambaram introduced the scheme in the 1997-98 budget, had actually targeted an ancient mindset : a man pays tax only when he is bludhgeoned.

In 2011-12 direct taxes were around 5.48% of GDP where as for indirect taxes it was 4.4% 

Output tax $= 10$% of $400000 = Rs. 40000$;
Input tax $= 4$% of $200000 = Rs. 8000$ 
Hence,  Value Added Tax $= 40000 - 8000 = Rs. 32000$.

Transfer payments are those payments which are made without production. These payments are characterized with transfer of money in exchange for no direct receivables in terms of products or services.

Income tax, wealth tax and gift tax are all direct taxes. Entertainment tax is an indirect tax. It is a tax on any kind of entertainment activities. It might include cinema, theaters etc. Entertainment falls in List 2 of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India and is exclusively reserved as a revenue source for the state governments.

Custom Duty is a indirect tax for goods when import or export. The tax is collected by Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs.

The firm pays tax according to the MODVAT system. MODVAT means Modified Value added tax.This was an excise duty scheme introduced in 1986 for allowing relief to final manufacturers on the excise duty borne by their suppliers of raw material. This scheme has now been replaced by the CENVAT Scheme.

VAT was introduced in India in the year 2005 which was valid from 1st april 2005.

Interest coverage ratio is given by =EBIT/Interest Expense

NDPMP is defined as the market value of final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a country by its residents and non residents in an accounting year less depreciation. NDPMP= GDPMP-Depreciation

MODVAT (modified value added tax) was introduced in India in 1986. MODVAT was re-named as CENVAT. The system was termed as MODVAT, as it was restricted upto manufacturing stage and credit of only excise duty paid on manufacturing products (and corresponding CVD paid on imported goods) was available.

Under CENVAT scheme the credit of the excise duty/additional duty of customs paid on inputs and capital goods and service tax paid on input services allowed to be utilized for the payment of the excise duty on the final products or service tax on output services in order to avoid cascading effect of the duty/tax.