Carbon is released into the atmosphere in several ways such as: Respiration, Decay of animal and plant matter, Burning of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gas, Production of cement, Volcanic eruptions and Metamorphism. Volcanic gases are primarily water vapour, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, etc.  Photosynthesis is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight.

Significances of genome sequencing:  It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock, to develop disease-resistant animal breeds, to understand the causes of all human diseases, to do newborn genetic screening.  This will enable the rapidly emerging medical fields of Predictive Medicine and Personalized Medicine and will mark a significant leap forward for the clinical genetic revolution. Full genome sequencing is clearly of great importance for research into the basis of genetic disease.

Fiscal stimulus- It is an intense affirmative action of the Government to boost economic activity in the country. Government measures, normally involving increased public spending and lower taxation, aimed at giving a positive jolt to economic activity.

Statement 1 is correct. A geostationary orbit (or Geostationary Earth Orbit - GEO) is a type of geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth\'s equator (0° latitude).

The main causes of food inflation are: � Higher Food Prices worldwide � Lower agricultural growth in India compared to the much faster GDP growth � Rising percentage of Middle Class in India which is demanding increasing quantities of better quality food products � High general Inflation � Inefficiency in the Food Supply Chain � Dependence of Indian Agriculture on Monsoon

The base effect pertains to low inflation numbers a year ago, which makes even a small increase in the price index now appear much larger. The index is higher this year then the next year inflation figures may be lesser (as base is higher).

A microbial fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by the catalytic reaction of microorganisms. Among the electrochemically active bacteria are Shewanella putrefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila. Mediator-less microbial fuel cells can, besides running on wastewater, also derive energy directly from certain aquatic plants. Virtually any organic material could be used to feed the fuel cell, including coupling cells to wastewater treatment plants.

The winter stratospheric air over the Antarctic routinely gets colder than the air anywhere else. Because the winter, stratospheric air over most of Antarctica is isolated from warmer, lower altitude air by a strong set of confining winds known as the polar vertex, this air gets so cold that polar stratospheric clouds regularly form between the altitudes of approximately 12 to 25 km. Particles surface in these clouds cause chemical reactions that create even more reactive halogen chemicals.

Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources.  These sources includes sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches, natural tree and gum resins, natural latex rubber and vegetable oils, lignin, cellulose, palm oil waste, coconut waste, peanut oil waste, canola oil waste, potato starch, dried sewerage effluent and so on. Non-petroleum based bitumen binders can be coloured, which can reduce the temperatures of road surfaces and reduce the urban heat islands.

The deltaic region formed by the alluvial deposits of river Brahmani, Baitarani and Dhamara (Bhitarkanika) and the Mahanadi deltaic area, comprising of about 3000 Sq. Km. forms the proposed Bhitarkanika Biosphere Reserve. This deltaic region is a unique bioclimatic zone in a typical geographic situation in the coastal region of Bay of Bengal. It is located in the Kendrapara District of the State of Orissa. The proposed Bhitarkanika Biosphere Reserve covers erstwhile Kanika and Kujang Zamindari area. It includes at present three protected areas namely Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhitarkanika National Park and the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary. The Mahanadi flows through the states of Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Jharkhand.

Emission/ emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants are smoke, carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and fly ash, etc.

The Constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act, 1992, aims at promoting the Panchayati Raj Institutions in the country, provides for State Election Commissions to conduct all panchayat elections, Establishment of State Finance Commissions, bar to interference by court in election matters, power to impose taxes and financial resources.

An economy that does not interact with the economy of any other country. A closed economy prohibits imports and exports, and prohibits any other country from participating in their stock market.

The demographic dividend is a rise in the rate of economic growth due to a rising share of working age people in a population. This usually occurs late in the demographic transition when the fertility rate falls and the youth dependency rate declines. During this demographic window of opportunity, output per capita rises. India is regarded as a country with "Demographic Dividend" because of its high population in the age group of 15-64 years (working age people or younger people).

(i) A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one ton of carbon or carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e). The mechanism was formalised in the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement between more than 170 countries. (ii) The developed country would be given credits for meeting its emission reduction targets, while the developing country would receive the capital investment and clean technology or beneficial change in land use. (iii) This carbon credit system is to limit the emission of carbon dioxide. (iv) There are many companies that sell carbon credits to commercial and individual customers who are interested in lowering their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis.

Current account deficit can be reduced by devaluating the domestic currency (boosting export), increase in the export subsidy (boosting export) and adopting suitable policies which attract greater FDI and more funds from FIIs.

Sports tourism or for that matter any kind of tourism is an export industry because foreign visitors who travel to a country purchase the "touristic experience" of that country. They pay for it with their money from their country.

In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), in particular, glucose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant or particularly non-photosynthetic parts of the plant such as the roots.  Because phloem tubes sit on the outside of the xylem in most plants, a tree or other plant can be effectively killed by stripping away the bark in a ring on the trunk or stem. With the phloem destroyed, nutrients cannot reach the roots, and the tree/plant will die.

VAT is multistage sale tax with credit for taxes paid of business purchases. It is non-cascading. VAT is the indirect tax on the consumption of the goods, paid by its original producers upon the change in goods or upon the transfer of the goods to its ultimate consumers. It is based on the value of the goods, added by the transferor. It is the tax in relation to the difference of the value added by the transferor and not just a profit. Option (4) is incorrect. VAT is a State subject, for which the States are independent in taking decisions. At the same time, the States have freedom for making appropriate variations in their respective State laws consistent with this basic design.

New START (for Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed on 8 April, 2010 in Prague, and, after ratification, entered into force on 5 February, 2011. It is expected to last at least until 2021.

All above acts have relevance to/bearing on the biodiversity conservation in the country.

Human activities in the recent past have caused the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but a lot of it does not remain in the lower atmosphere because of the photosynthesis by phyto-plankton in the oceans. The trapping of air in the polar ice caps is concerned with Mars, not Earth.

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity (species richness) that is under threat from humans. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot-map, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation.

Karl Marx explained the process of class struggle with the help of Dialectical Materialism. Dialectical materialism is a strand of Marxism synthesising Hegel\'s dialectics and Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach\'s materialism. According to certain followers of Karl Marx, it is the philosophical basis of Marxism, although this remains a controversial assertion due to the disputed status of science and naturalism in Marx\'s thought. The basic idea of dialectical materialism is that every economic order grows to a state of maximum efficiency, while at the same time developing internal contradictions or weaknesses that contribute to its decay.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Ozone layer is present in Stratosphere, not Ionosphere. Statement 2 is also incorrect. When a radio wave reaches the ionosphere, the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere into oscillation at the same frequency as the radio wave. Some of the radio-frequency energy is given up to this resonant oscillation. The oscillating electrons will then either be lost to recombination or will re-radiate the original wave energy. Total refraction can occur when the collision frequency of the ionosphere is less than the radio frequency, and if the electron density in the ionosphere is great enough.

The rainforest soil is often of a reddish color, rather than brown. Nutrient levels in the soil are very low. This can be attributed to the clays in the rainforest soil are less chemically active and therefore less efficient at retaining nutrients and at depths of just a few centimetres below the soil surface, there is practically no organic matter at all.

Option 1 is wrong because it changes the roles of FII with FDI. Option 3 is wrong because while the FDI flows into the primary market, the FII flows into secondary market. Option 4 is wrong again because FDI is considered more stable than FII. Hence, option B is correct, because FII helps in increasing capital availability and FDI mostly sector specific.

The richness of species diversity in the Himalayas is due to the occurrence of species of different biogeographic regions like Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean, Indo-Chinese, Indian, Malaysian, Eastern Asiatic, Circumboreal, Australian, Amazonian, Brazilian, Andean, North American.

Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The increased availability in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary productivity and thus fishery production. Approximately 25% of the total global marine fish catches come from five upwellings that occupy only 5% of the total ocean area. Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient-enriched waters and global fishery yields.

The reaction can be controlled by using neutron poisons, which absorb excess neutrons such as boron and cadmium rods and neutron moderators, which reduce the velocity of fast neutrons.  Commonly used moderators include regular (light) water (75% of the world\'s reactors), solid graphite (20% of reactors) and heavy water (5% of reactors). Beryllium has also been used in some experimental types, and hydrocarbons have been suggested as another possibility.

Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice (Fundamental Right)  15 point Programme for minorities is a programme approved by Indian government in 2006 for welfare of religious minorities.  The President of India doesn't nominate a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.

The constitution states that no money shall be withdrawn from the consolidated fund of India except under appropriation made by law. Accordingly, an appropriation bill is introduced in parliament to provide for appropriation. The appropriation bill becomes the appropriation act after it is assented to by the President. This act authorises the payment from consolidated of India.

Brent crude is the biggest of the many major classifications of crude oil consisting of Brent Crude, Brent Sweet Light Crude, Oseberg, Ekofisk, and Forties. Brent crude is sourced from the North Sea. Brent blend is a light crude oil, though not as light as WTI. It contains approximately 0.37% of sulphur, classifying it as sweet crude, yet again not as sweet as WTI. Brent is suitable for production of gasoline and middle distillates.

Many of the random compounds created when oils are hydrogenated are "trans fats". These are unnatural compounds, which are known to be detrimental to cardiovascular health. On the other hand animal fats are relatively good for health.

Mega food park scheme aims at facilitating achievement of the Vision 2015 of Ministry to raise: Processing of perishables in the country from the existing 6% to 20%, Value addition from 20% to 35%, Share in global food trade from 1.5% to 3% by the year 2015. Core Objectives include: • Creation of enabling infrastructure/facilities and requisite backward linkages to enable entrepreneurs to set up large number of food processing units • Increasing the level of food processing thus reducing wastages and ensuring value addition • Increasing returns for all stakeholders including farmers/producers of the region.

Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995:

1. Prevention and Early Detection of Disabilities 
2. Education  The appropriate Governments and the local authorities shall -  a. Ensure that every child with a disability has access to free education in an appropriate environment till he attains the age of eighteen years;  b. endeavour to promote the integration of students with disabilities in the normal schools; c. Promote setting up of special schools in Government and private sector for those in need of special education, in such a manner that children with disabilities living in any part of the country have access to such schools;  d. Endeavour to equip the special schools for children with disabilities with vocational training facilities. 
3. Employment  Appropriate Governments shall A. identify posts, in the establishments, which can be reserved for the persons with disability;  B. at periodical intervals not exceeding three years, review the list of posts identified and up-date the list taking into consideration the developments in technology. 
4. Affirmative Action  The appropriate Governments and local authorities shall by notification frame schemes in favour of persons with disabilities, for the preferential allotment of land at concessional rates for - 
5. Non-Discrimination  The appropriate Governments and the local authorities shall, within the limits of their economic capacity and development, provide for -  a. ramps in public building;  b. adaptation of toilets for wheel chair users;  c. braille symbols and auditory signals in elevators or lifts;  d. ramps in hospitals, primary health centres and other medical care and rehabilitation institutions.

Fundamental Duties of India are as follows - 

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; 
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; 
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; 
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; 
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; 
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; 
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures; 
8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; 
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence; 
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement

India\'s "Look East" policy was developed and enacted during the governments of Prime Ministers P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991 - 1996) and Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998 - 2004). Along with economic liberalisation and moving away from Cold War-era policies and activities, India\'s strategy has focused on forging close economic and commercial ties, increasing strategic and security cooperation and the emphasis of historic cultural and ideological links. India sought to create and expand regional markets for trade, investments and industrial development. It also began strategic and military cooperation with nations concerned by the expansion of China\'s economic and strategic influence.

Subject to the assignment of certain taxes to the States, all revenues received by the Government of India, all loan raised by Government and all money received by the Government in the repayment of loans shall form consolidated fund of India.

Functions of the Finance Commission can be explicitly stated as: 

1. Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between Centre and the States, to be divided as per their respective contributions to the taxes 
2. Determine factors governing Grants-in Aid to the states and the magnitude of the same. 
3. Work with the State Finance Commissions and suggest measures to augment the Consolidated Fund of the States so as to provide additional resources to Panchayats and Municipalities in the state. 
4. Any other matter referred to by the President in the interest of sound finance.

The Union Cabinet gave its approval for launching of Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY), from 2^nd October 2007, covering the death and permanent disability for the benefit of rural landless households.

Microfinance includes basic financial services including small loans, savings accounts, fund transfers and insurance. Alongside non-financial services such as business training, microfinance assists people living in poverty who wouldn\'t usually qualify for regular banking services because they have no form of collateral or formal identification.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris).
Human Right/Human Rights under "Universal Declaration of Human Rights include:

1. Rights of the individual, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery
2. Rights of the individual in civil and political society.
3. Spiritual, public and political freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of association.
   
4. Social, economic and cultural rights

Australian Group deals in Biological and Chemical weapons while Wassenaar Arrangement deals in conventional arms, thus both don't have identical goals. Australia Group has 41 members, including all Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) members except Mexico, the European Commission, all 27 Member States of the European Union, Croatia, Ukraine and Argentina. There is not even a single member from Africa.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage-employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

All India Congress Committee met at Bombay and passed the famous Quit India Resolution and proposed the starting of non-violent mass struggle under Gandhi's leadership. Peasants and workers were at heart of movement. Hence, option 4 is the required answer.

Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary also known as the Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Little Rann of Kutch in the Gujarat state of India. Spread over 4954 km², it is the largest wildlife sanctuary in India. The wildlife sanctuary was established in 1972 and came under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1973. The sanctuary is one of the last places on earth where the endangered wild ass sub-species Indian Wild Ass can be spotted.  The main threat faced by the sanctuary is the illegal salt panning activity in the area. 25% of India\'s salt supply comes from planning activity in the area.

Lord Cornwallis had increased the litigation and the main reason for this was Court Fee, which was removed. Lawyers were to prescribe their fees. Ordinary people could sue the Government servants if they committed mistakes. None of the option is suitable to give the reason of the question. Hence, option (d) is the answer.

Suppose temperature of water falling from 10 to 0 degree centigrade. When temperature of water falls upto 4 ⁰ C, density of water will be maximum and water start sinking. Further temperature fall from 4 ⁰C to 0 ⁰C, density of water decreases continuously. In such condition water dose not sink and converted into ice and float on surface of water. At the same time 4 degree centigrade of temperature of interior water is maintained because ice is bad conductor of heat.

The Bt-brinjal is a suite of transgenic brinjals (also known as an eggplant or aubergine) created by inserting a crystal gene (Cry1Ac) from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis into the genome of various brinjal cultivars. The Bt-brinjal has been developed to give resistance against lepidopteron insects.

Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of global community over space and time as a geo-strategically significant region because of its location between the Pacific and Indian oceans and its pre-eminent maritime character.

The Union Budget of India, referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in Article 112 of the Constitution of India, is the annual budget of the Republic of India, presented each year on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are jointly accountable to the Lok Sabha. If a policy statement like Annual Budget fails, it is tantamount to loss of confidence of the Parliament for the government.

Sir William Wedderburn and W S. Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893 to agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Common.

Significance of diverse biodiversity:  Reducing soil erosion, preventing flooding, maintain purity of water, tempering climate fluctuation, increasing productivity of soil, recycling of waste, soil formation, pollination of crops, etc.

In British India, apart from existing imports and exports, there was also a particular amount of money which colonial India contributed towards administration, maintenance of the army, war expenses, pensions to retired officers and other expenses accrued by Britain towards maintenance of her colony. These were known as "Home charges" and were paid for almost entirely by India. The Home charges was made of three components: Interest payable on Indian debt Interest on the railways Civil and military charges

Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, is approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose, or table sugar. Due to this property, even though aspartame produces four kilocalories of energy per gram when metabolized, the quantity of aspartame needed to produce a sweet taste is so small that its caloric contribution is negligible.

Statement 1 is incorrect. It used the term 'tribal products'. Statement 2 is incorrect. NOT in all areas, the impact of foreign missionaries was seen. Statement 3 is incorrect. This option is also not correct because not all areas saw the rise of moneylenders. Statement 4 is correct because it includes the foreign interference in the indigenous world of their own which dismantled the structure that existed since centuries.

The Oilzapper developed by TERI (The Energy and Resource Institute, Govt of India) after seven years of research work and partly supported by the DBT (Department of Biotechnology), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, the Oilzapper is essentially a cocktail of five different bacterial strains that are immobilized and mixed with a carrier material (powdered corncob). Much as its savvy name suggests, the Oilzapper feeds on hydrocarbon compounds present in crude oil and oily sludge (a hazardous hydrocarbon waste generated by oil refineries) and converts them into harmless CO₂ and water. The Oilzapper is neatly packed into sterile polythene bags and sealed aseptically for safe transport. The shelf life of the product is three months at ambient temperature.

Statement 1 is correct. Bluetooth uses the microwave radio frequency spectrum in the 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz range. Wi-Fi is based upon IEEE 802.11 standards that use 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands. Statement 2 is incorrect. Wi-Fi is intended for resident equipment and its applications. The category of applications is outlined as WLAN, the wireless local area networks. Bluetooth was intended for non-resident equipment and its applications. The category of applications is outlined as the wireless personal area network (WPAN). Statement 3 is incorrect. Bluetooth doesn’t require line of sight between communicating devices. Statement 4 is incorrect. As statement 2 is incorrect, so this option is also incorrect.

Statement 1 is correct. CFLs contain mercury and phosphor whereas an LED lamp (LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light. The LEDs involved may be conventional semiconductor light-emitting diodes, to organic LEDs (OLED), or polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED) device. Statement 2 is incorrect. LED lamps offer long service life and high energy efficiency, but initial costs are higher than those of fluorescent lamps. Statement 3 is correct. A CFL is less energy-efficient as compared to an LED lamp. 

Orchids are found in our country with Himalayas as their main home and others scattered in Eastern and Western Ghats. The following is the distribution of orchids species in different regions of India. North-Western Himalayas  North-Eastern India  Western Ghats  North-Eastern India owing to its peculiar gradient and varied climatic conditions contains largest group of temperate, sub-tropical orchids.

The "Nehru Report" (1928) was a memorandum outlining a proposed new Dominion (see dominion status) constitution for India. It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal acting as secretary. Some of the important elements of the report are:

1. Dominion status 
2. Not separate electorate but joint electorate with reserved seat for minorities
3. Linguistic provinces 
4. 19 Fundamental rights 
5. Responsible government at centre and provinces

74^th Amendment Act of 1992 provides for constitution of metropolitan planning committee to prepare a draft development plan. 74^th Amendment Act of 1992 provides for the function of such committee in relation to planning and coordination for metropolitan areas.

In-situ conservation, the conservation of species in their natural habitats, is considered the most appropriate way of conserving biodiversity. Conserving the areas where populations of species exist naturally is an underlying condition for the conservation of biodiversity. That\'s why protected areas form a central element of any national strategy to conserve biodiversity. These include national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserve, nature reserve, natural monuments, and cultural landscapes, etc.  Zoos and Botanical gardens are the most conventional methods of ex-situ conservation.

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is anoptical disc storage medium. The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. DVD supports Standard Definition video while BD supports High Definition video.  Parameters  Blu-ray  Storage capacity---25GB (single-layer) and 50GB (dual-layer)  Laser wavelength------405nm (blue laser)  Numerical aperture (NA)--0.85  Disc diameter------120mm  Disc thickness----1.2mm  DVD  Storage capacity---4.7GB (single-layer) and 8.5GB (dual-layer)  Laser wavelength---650nm (red laser)  Numerical aperture (NA)---0.60  Disc diameter----120mm  Disc thickness----1.2mm 

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. The IMF monitors the world\'s economies, lends to members in economic difficulty, and provides technical assistance.

Jainism does not support belief in a creator deity. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents - soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion have always existed. All the constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws.

During an election year it is not practical for the ruling Government or for the new Government taking charge after the elections to prepare or debate on the full budget and pass it before the new financial year begins. Hence, the outgoing Government would announce an interim budget or vote on account in February which will be followed by a full budget by the new Government in a few months\' time after the elections. The Interim Budget will include a report card on the income and expenses made last year and the proposed expenses likely to be made in the next few months until the new government takes over. Vote on account empower Lok Sabha to make any grant in advance for part of any financial year, pending the completion of the budgetary process. Normally the vote on account is taken for two months and is passed by the Lok Sabha without discussion.

AB positive partner forms two type of gametes; A positive and B positive.  O negative partner forms only single type of gamete O negative.  Two type of zygote formation occur A+O- (A positive) and B+O- (B positive). The blood group of the adopted son will be O positive. 

Many of the previous tsunamis were tamed by the coral reefs before hitting the coast, where they were absorbed by a dense layer of red mangrove trees. These flexible trees, with long branches growing right down into the sand below the surface of the sea, absorb the shock of tsunamis. Behind the red mangrove trees, there is a second layer of black mangrove trees, which are taller and slow down the waves.

First Non-Cooperation. Because of drought in 1918, the crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat. According to revenue code, if the yield was less than one fourth the normal produce, the farmers were entitled to remission. The authorities refused to grant remission.

Salinization is a process that results from:  High levels of salt in the soils  Landscape features allow salts to become mobile (Movement of water table).  Climatic trends favour accumulation.  Human activities such as land clearing, aquaculture activities, irrigation, and the salting of icy roads The consequences of salinity are  � salt makes some soils impermeable that have detrimental effects on plant growth and yield  � damage to infrastructure (roads, bricks, corrosion of pipes and cables)  � reduction of water quality for users, sedimentation problems  � soil erosion ultimately, when crops are too strongly affected by the amounts of salts.  Salinity is an important land degradation problem. Soil salinity can be reduced by leaching soluble salts out of soil with excess irrigation water. Soil salinity control involves water table control and flushing in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is widely recognized as the most comprehensive, objective global approach for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species. The goals of the IUCN Red List are to: Identify and document those species most in need of conservation attention if global extinction rates are to be reduced; and Provide a global index of the state of change of biodiversity.

Algae require warmth, sunlight, and nutrients to grow and reproduce, so they live in the upper 60 to 90 meters (200 to 300 feet) of ocean water. An increase in nutrients also may be caused by activities of humans, such as runoff from animal farms or fertilized croplands and lawns, or atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds or oxides derived from the burning of fossil fuel. These nutrients lead to blooms in coastal waters to a greater extent than in the open ocean. Upwellings bring nutrient-rich waters to the top. This increase in nutrients can trigger algae blooms.

Mahatma Gandhi gives us a summary of the teachings of Unto This Last as he understood it:

1. The good of the individual is contained in the good of all.
2. A lawyer\'s work has the same value as the barber\'s, as all have the same right of earning their livelihood from their work.
3. A life of labour, i.e. the life of the tiller of the soil and the handicraftsman is the life worth living.

Usha Mehta actively supported the Quit India Movement and was an important member of a small group, which run the congress radio. Parameters 

Statement 1 is correct. Teaser loans are considered an aspect of subprime lending, as they are usually offered to low-income home buyers. Unfortunately, when these borrowers try to refinance the loan before the rate increases, most will not qualify for standard mortgages. This leaves borrowers with increased monthly payments, which many cannot afford. This method of loaning is considered risky, as default rates are high. Statement 2 is incorrect. It has nothing to do with the experience of the entrepreneurs.

1. Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or micro-irrigation, is an irrigation method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
   2. This method is also applicable in farms, commercial greenhouses, and residential gardens.

   1. Drip irrigation may help to achieve water conservation by reducing evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of irrigation.

Statement 1 is incorrect. El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, is a quasi-periodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean roughly every five years. It is characterised by variations in the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean—warming or cooling known as El Niño and La Niña, respectively. The two variations are coupled: the warm oceanic phase, El Niño, accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific, while the cold phase, La Niña, accompanies low air surface pressure in the western Pacific. Statement 2 is also incorrect. Direct effects of El Niño resulting in drier conditions occur in parts of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, increasing bush fires and worsening haze and decreasing air quality dramatically. Drier than normal conditions are also generally observed in Queensland, inland Victoria, inland New South Wales and eastern Tasmania from June to August. During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China.

An artificial satellite moving round the Earth in a circular orbit possesses an acceleration, which is constant in magnitude but changing in direction,. The artificial satellite revolves round the Earth under centripetal acceleration. The launched satellite should have the speed enough so that gravity doesn't bring the satellite back to the Earth, but no so great that it escapes in the space. It means the speed provided by the rocket is the source of centrifugal force, and the Earth's attraction holds it from  moving away from this centrifugal force.

Economic growth is usually coupled with inflation. There has been considerable debate on the existence and nature of the inflation and growth relationship. Some consensus exists suggesting that macroeconomic stability, specifically defined as low inflation, is positively related to economic growth.

The salient features of the Disinvestment Policy are:  Citizens have every right to own part of the shares of Public Sector Undertakings.  Public Sector Undertakings are the wealth of the Nation and this wealth should rest in the hands of the people.  While pursuing disinvestment, Government has to retain majority shareholding, i.e. at least 51% and management control of the Public Sector Undertakings.  Use of Disinvestment Proceeds  The income from the fund is to be used for the following broad investment objectives:  (a) 75% to finance selected social sector schemes, which promote education, health and employment  (b) 25% to meet the capital investment requirements of profitable and revivable CPSEs that yield adequate returns, in order to enlarge their capital base to finance expansion/diversification

Asteroids are rocky and metallic objects that orbit the Sun but are too small to be considered planets. A large majority of known asteroids orbit in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter or co-orbital with Jupiter (the Jupiter Trojans).  A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when close enough to the Sun, displays a visible coma (a thin, fuzzy, temporary atmosphere) and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are both due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet's nuclei are themselves loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris).  Human Right/Human Rights under "Universal Declaration of Human Rights include: 

1. Rights of the individual, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery 
2. Rights of the individual in civil and political society. 
3. Spiritual, public and political freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of association. 
4. Social, economic and cultural rights

Statement 1 is correct. The higher speed and greater persistence of the Westerlies in the Southern Hemisphere are caused by the difference in the atmospheric pressure patterns as well as its variation from that of Northern Hemisphere. The landmass in the southern hemisphere is comparatively less and average pressure decreases more rapidly on the poleward. Statement 2 is incorrect. Coriolis force is strongest in polar regions, zero at equator and at intermediate levels, it varies directly as the Sine of the latitude.

Bank rate, also referred to as the discount rate, is the rate of interest which a central bank charges on the loans and advances that it extends to commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. Changes in the bank rate are often used by central banks to control the money supply or liquidity. Liquidity of economy is inversely proportional to bank rate.

Flow of institutional credit to agriculture:  Commercial banks-66 %  Co-operative banks-25%  Regional rural banks-9% 

The Strait of Malacca is a narrow, 805 km (500 mile) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. From an economic and strategic perspective, the Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies such as India, China, Japan and South Korea. The maximum size of a vessel that can make passage through the Strait is referred to as Malaccamax. The strait is not deep enough (at 25 metres or 82 feet) to permit some of the largest ships (mostly oil tankers) to use it. A ship that exceeds Malaccamax will typically use the Lombok Strait, Makassar Strait, Sibutu Passage and Mindoro Strait instead. Opening a new canal across the Kra isthmus between the Gulf of Siam and Andaman Sea can save around 960 kilometres (600 mi) from the journey from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific.

Rice is grown almost throughout the year in hot and humid region of eastern and southern part of India. But in the northern and hilly parts of the country, only summer crop is grown.  Jute is also crop of hot and humid climate. Next to cotton, jute is the second important fibre crop of India. 

Growth rate of GDP  05-06 - 9.5  06-07- 9.7  07-08-9.2  08-09-6.7  09-10-7.2  Growth rate of per capita income:  05-06 - 7.6  06-07- 7.9  07-8.1  08-09-3.7  09-10-5.3

Commercial airliners typically cruise in the lower reaches of the stratosphere. Because the temperature in the tropopause and lower stratosphere remains constant (or slightly increases) with increasing altitude, there is very little convective turbulence or vertical wind at these altitudes. There is no dust particles and water vapour in the lower stratosphere. Hence, weather phenomenon doesn't take place in lower stratosphere. Stratosphere contains ozone layer, which absorbs ultra-violet radiation. 

Statement 1 is correct. The desert occurs in two broad belts viz. at 20°30° north and south of the Equator along the tropics of cancer and Carpricon. The desert areas normally developed under the influence of high pressure areas. The hot air at the equator would rise and spread north and south before cooling and it would condense and release its moisture over the tropical zones. This leads to development of an equatorial zone of low atmospheric pressure. The two tropical zones are at high pressure and Nearer to the poles are two pressure belts of cold. Now as the denser air sinks towards the ground to the subtropical high pressure belts, wind is created which is hot and complete lacking of moisture. Statement 2 is wrong. Eurasian desert belt is related to cold currents, not warm currents.

The increase in species richness or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to the tropics, often referred to as the latitudinal gradient in species diversity (LDG), is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology.  Species diversity varies systematically across the globe with latitude, longitude, and altitude (or its equivalent, depth, in the oceans). The trend toward higher species diversity in the tropics is perhaps the most conspicuous biogeographic pattern in nature. In most marine groups, diversity is maximal in the Indo-West Pacific.  Many mountain ecosystems are host to higher species richness and levels of endemism than adjacent lowlands. Mountains at lower altitudes can support exceptional biodiversity, due to compression of a wide range of ecosystems into a relatively short distance. Mountains also often provide islands of suitable habitat, isolated from unfavourable surrounding lowlands.

A virtual private network (VPN) is a secure way of connecting to a private Local Area Network at a remote location, using the Internet or any unsecure public network to transport the network data packets privately, using encryption.

Brahmaputra originates near Mt. Kalias and is known to take a U-turn near Mount Namcha Barwa. This U-turn is also known as Great Bend. The U turn is because of the 180⁰ bend of the Himalyan structural trends.

Central part of Gujarat is a major cotton growing area. Surendranagar, district a major cotton growing district of Gujarat. The various cash crops grown in the state include groundnut, cotton, tobacco (second highest production in the country), isabgul, cumin sugarcane, jawar, bajra, rice, wheat, pulses, tur and gram. Recently the farmers of Gujarat have started producing bananas and mangoes in large scale.  The north-western part is mostly dry due to the desert areas while the southern region is moist due to heavy rainfall during the monsoon season.

The worship of mother goddess, male deity, probably of Shiva, 2.The worship of animals, naturals, semi-human or fabulous, 3. The worship of trees, 4. The worship of inanimate stones or yoni or linga, 5. Practice of yoga, etc. But there is no evidence of violation of secularism.  Fragments of cotton cloth found at Mohenjo-Daro and other site so that cotton was also grown. Cotton has been found at Mehrgarh at least 2000 years before mature phase of civilisation. This is the oldest evidence of cotton in the world.

In the context of Hinduism, Dharma refers to one\'s personal obligations, calling and duties. The conception of Rita or cosmic order from which came the Indian ideals of Dharma and Law of Karma is another characteristic of the age of Mantras. Rita meant the cosmic and moral order. The gods were adored as the guardians of both cosmic and moral order. The order of the Universe was supposed to be maintained by Yajnas.

Antioxidants protect the body's cells against oxidants or free radicals. These can damage the cell's surface, alter its DNA or completely kill the cell. Oxidants or free radicals cause oxidative stress if the body does not have time to take care of them. It can lead to diseases. A diet naturally rich in antioxidants helps to protect the body. Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants. So, fruits and vegetables are classed as protective food. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamins and minerals. The recommended daily intake of green vegetables and fruits are 40 g and 85 g respectively.