Tolerogen is a substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.

The Michael reaction or Michael addition is the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound. It belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions.

The paratope is the part of an antibody which recognises an antigen, the antigen-binding site of an antibody. It is a small region (of 15-22 amino acids) of the antibody's Fv region and contains parts of the antibody's heavy and light chains.

Keppra is an anti-epileptic drug. It is used to treat partial onset seizures in adults and children who are at least 4 years old.

An allele is one of two or more forms of a gene. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different traits, such as colour. Other times, different alleles will have the same result in the expression of a gene.

Immunoglobulin M is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. It is the primary antibody against A and B antigens on red blood cells. IgM is by far  physically the largest antibody in the human circulatory system. It is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to antigen.

Prismane C₈ is a theoretically-predicted metastable carbon allotrope comprising an atomic cluster of eight carbon atoms, with the shape of an elongated triangular bipyramid—a six-atom triangular prism with two more atoms above and below its bases.

A native antigen is an antigen that is not yet processed by an APC to smaller parts. T cells cannot bind native antigens, but require that they be processed by APCs, whereas B cells can be activated by native ones.

Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system.Graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal system.

Linear acetylenic carbon (LAC) is an allotrope of carbon that has the chemical structure -(C≡C)n - as a repeating chain.The carbon atoms in this form are each linear in geometry  with sp orbital hybridisation. It is a polymer with alternating single and triple bonds.

Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have a crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions.

Carbon nanobuds are a newly discovered allotrope of carbon in which fullerene like buds are covalently attached to the outer sidewalls of the carbon nanotubes. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.

Aluminium chloride is the main compound of aluminium and chlorine. It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron trichloride. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium metal. The compound is a Lewis acid.

In organic chemistry, the hydroboration-oxidation reaction is a two-step organic reaction that converts an alkene into a neutral alcohol by the net addition of water across the double bond.

Diisobutylaluminium hydride is a reducing agent .It is useful in organic synthesis for a variety of reductions and converting esters and nitriles to aldehydes. It efficiently reduces α-β unsaturated esters to the corresponding allylic alcohol. It acts as a co-catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.

Ephedrine is used to relieve congestion due to colds, flu, hay fever,  allergies, and for temporary relief of shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing due to bronchial asthma. It is a decongestant and bronchodilator.

Dilaudid belongs to the group of drugs called narcotic pain relievers (also called opioids.) It is similar to morphine. Dilaudid is prescribed for the relief of moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to certain receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain.

Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic medication, also called an anticonvulsant. It affects chemicals and nerves in the body that are involved in the cause of seizures and some types of pain.It is used to treat seizures caused by epilepsy in adults and children who are at least 12 years old.

The parent metallacyclopentadiene has the formula L_nM(CH)₄. Most arise from the coupling of two alkynes at a low valent metal centres such as derivatives of Co(I) and Zr(II). Late metal derivatives (Co, Ni) are intermediates in the metal-catalysed trimerization of alkynes to arenes. For example, the zirconacyclopentadiene Cp₂ZrC₄Me₄ is a useful carrier for C₄Me₄ ^2- .

Botox also called botulinum toxin type A, is made from the bacteria that causes botulism. Botulinum toxin blocks nerve activity in the muscles, causing a temporary reduction in muscle activity. Botox is used to treat cervical dystonia (severe spasms in the neck muscles), muscle spasms in the arms and hands, severe underarm sweating.

Ethylene carbonate is an ester of ethylene glycol and carbonic acid. Ethylene carbonate is used as a polar solvent.  It can be used as a high permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.

Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant. It works by blocking nerve impulses (or pain sensations) that are sent to your brain. Cyclobenzaprine is used together with rest and physical therapy to treat skeletal muscle conditions such as pain or injury.

Chantix is used as a smoking cessation medicine or treatment. It is used together with behaviour modification and counseling support to help one stop smoking cigarettes. Chantix works in the brain to block the pleasurable effects of smoking. This helps to decrease one's desire to keep smoking.

Transmetalation is a general chemical reaction in organometallic chemistry describing the exchange of ligands between two metal centres.

Green chemistry also called sustainable chemistry. It is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. By reducing or eliminating the use or generation of these hazardous substances, chemists can greatly reduce the risk to human health and environment.