Ratna is a hybrid variety of rice which has been developed in India.

Penicillium reproduces with the help of non-motile spores called conidia.

The process of formation of seeds without fertilisation is known as apomixis.

Leydig cells are found in the interstitial spaces outside the seminiferous tubules. They secrete testicular hormones called androgens.

Colour blindness is a sex linked recessive trait. The gene for colour blindness is found in X-chromosome. Since the father is colour blind, therefore he must possess X’Y. Arun is also colour blind (X’Y) and he must have got this trait from his mother. But her mother is not colour blind and therefore must be a carrier (XX’). Chances of Nisha being colour blind is 50% because she will either get the X’ gene from her father or the normal X or the abnormal X’ gene from her mother. Nisha will either be a carrier (XX’) or colour blind (X’X’).

IgE is concerned with allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Presence of an additional copy of X-chromosome i.e. 47 with XXY is the cause of Klinefelter’s syndrome.

The eyes of octopi and mammals are examples of analogous organs. They show superficial resemblance and perform similar functions but have different internal structures.

First we reduce the template strand sequence from the coding strand as follows 3’-TACGTACGTACGTACG-5’. Now, the RNA strand will be complimentary to this with U replacing T as follows 5’-AUGCAUGCAUGCAUGC-3’

Restriction Exonuclease removes nucleotides from the outer ends of the DNA.

Aspergillus niger, a fungus is used for the commercial and industrial production of citric acid.

Organic Farming is a cyclical, zero waste procedure where waste products from one process are cycled in as nutrients for other processes. It is used to control soil pollution and loss of soil fertility.

Leaching is the process by which water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get precipitated as unavailable salts.

Alexander von Humboldt, a German naturalist and geographer observed that within a region, species richness increase with the increase in the area under consideration, but only up to a limit.

In amensalism, one species is harmed whereas the other is unaffected.