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Mixed Biology

Description: This test will help the studentsto prepare themselves better for their exams.
Number of Questions: 15
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Tags: Kidneys Chemistry Transportation in Animals Human diseases Excretion in animals & Plants
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the human kidneys?

  1. The renal cortex lies inside the medulla.

  2. The left kidney lies lower than the right.

  3. The renal veins drain directly into the superior vena cava.

  4. The link between the kidney and the bladder is the urethra.

  5. The renal cortex contains all the glomeruli.

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

All the glomeruli are in the renal cortex. The loops of Henle dip into the medulla and the collecting ducts drain into the renal pelvis by passing through the medulla.

In the human beings, IgE antibodies are produced by ______________.

  1. mast cells

  2. eosinophils

  3. basophils

  4. T lymphocytes

  5. plasma cells

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Plasma cells produce immunoglobulins of all isotypes, including IgE.

Which among the following types of cells are best known to be involved in the initial presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes in a human blood?

  1. Dendritic cells

  2. Plasma cells

  3. Neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes

  4. Erythrocytes

  5. Platelets

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Dendritic cells are professional antigen processing cells. They have a number of receptors that enhance the uptake of antigens, and they are specialized to convert these antigens into MHC-peptide complexes that can be recognized by lymphocytes. There are several types of dendritic cells, well distributed over the body.

Which of the following cells are not associated with the monocyte-macrophage lineage in the blood?

  1. Follicular dendritic cells of lymph nodes

  2. Neutrophils

  3. Kupffer cells in liver

  4. Histiocytes in tissues

  5. Monocytes in blood

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

These are of the myeloid lineage which separates from the monocyte-macrophage lineage after the pluripotent stem cell stage.

Which one of the following is the most common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children?

  1. Henoch-Schönlein nephritis

  2. Minimal-change nephropathy

  3. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

  4. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

  5. IgA nephropathy

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

It is the disease which is limited to children, accounting for 90% of nephrotic syndrome in children.

A phagocyte is a type of cell that has the ability to ingest and sometimes digest foreign particles such as bacteria, carbon, dust or dye. Which of the following cell types is phagocytic in nature?  

  1. Hepatocytes

  2. Lymphocytes

  3. Monocytes

  4. Erythrocytes

  5. Plasma cells

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

They are circulating immature macrophages or dendritic cells.

Raman is a sufferer of autoimmune diseases. Which of these conditions is not associated with autoimmune diseases?

  1. FAS deficiency

  2. APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dysplasia Disease)

  3. C IPEX, (Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked)

  4. C6 deficiency

  5. C2 deficiencies

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

This is associated with serious infection due to neisseria such as meningitis.

A lung neoplasm is an abnormal growth on or in the lung. Which of the following binds the protein required for the growth of a neoplastic lung?

  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

  2. TSH receptor

  3. Acetylcholine receptor

  4. Creatine kinase

  5. Neuromedin B receptor

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Neuromedin B receptor binds neuromedin B, a potent mitogen and growth factor for normal and neoplastic lung.

The pathogenic autoantibody in Graves’ disease has specificity for _____________.

  1. nuclei

  2. thyroid peroxidase

  3. thyroglobulin

  4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors

  5. TSH

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Thyrotoxicosis is an over-active thyroid condition in which an autoantibody to the TSH receptor mimics TSH and so, increases thyroid hormone production and increases the metabolic rate.

Almost all children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have serum antibodies to which of the following autoantigens at presentation?

  1. Pancreatic islet cells

  2. Thyroid microsomes

  3. Gastric parietal cells

  4. Nuclei

  5. IgG molecules

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

90% of patients have ICA at diagnosis but these autoantibodies gradually disappear; < 10% of patients have them 5 years after diagnosis.

Which among the following statements does not characterises metabolic alkalosis by the nephrons?

  1. In a metabolic alkalosis, plasma bicarbonate is raised.

  2. ADH excess causes excess renal bicarbonate reabsorption.

  3. A normal plasma chloride concentration is necessary for normal renal bicarbonate excretion.

  4. A rise in plasma carbon dioxide level causes a respiratory acidosis.

  5. Panic attacks cause a transient respiratory alkalosis in human beings.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Aldosterone excess causes excess renal bicarbonate reabsorption.

Which among the following statements is incorrect regarding the renal tubular acidosis?

  1. It occurs when the kidney does not reabsorb sodium ions.

  2. Bicarbonate loss from the kidney causes acidosis.

  3. Proximal renal tubular acidosis is associated with other tubular disorders.

  4. Distal renal tubular acidosis is associated with multi system disorders.

  5. Hypoaldosteronism can cause a renal tubular acidosis.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Renal tubular acidosis occurs when the kidney does not adequately reabsorb bicarbonate.

Which of the following is a true statement about chronic urticaria?

  1. It must be present for at least 3 weeks.

  2. It is commonly due to urticarial vasculitis.

  3. It can be triggered by IgE antibodies to aspirin.

  4. It can be associated with autoantibodies to Fc epsilon RI.

  5. Systemic steroids are usually required to suppress attacks.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The rash can affect any area of skin. Small raised areas called weals (or wheals) develop on the skin. The weals look like mild blisters and are itchy. It is associated with autoantibodies to Fc epsilon RI. 

Which one of the following statements is false about allergic asthma?

  1. Ciclosporin therapy in severe disease is helpful.

  2. Is characterized by reversible airways obstruction.

  3. Th2 cells are found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

  4. Affects around 10% of the population.

  5. The relevant allergen provoking allergic asthma in a given patient is diagnosed routinely by use of RAST.

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Most patients are atopic and therefore react to many environmental allergens, so RAST testing is not helpful. There is better correlation of clinical relevant allergen with skin prick testing, so this is used routinely particularly in adults. RASTs may be helpful in identifying an unusual allergen in occupational asthma only  or in children who are already on medication that might affect a skin test.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a relatively rare autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against acetylcholine nicotinic postsynaptic receptors. Which of the following statements about the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is true?

  1. Myasthenia gravis is the result of a type II immunological hypersensitivity reaction.

  2. MG is caused by antibodies directed against presynaptic calcium channel receptors.

  3. MG is never caused by therapeutic drugs.

  4. Pregnancy poses a huge risk of neonatal MG to the foetus.

  5. Extraocular muscles remains unaffected.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Myaesthenia gravis is a type II disease of muscle end plates, due to autoantibodies against post-synaptic acetyl choline receptors. These antibodies result in lysis by complement as well as internalization of receptors after binding with the antibodies.

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