Thses roots are found in aquatic plants. These roots develop from the nodes of the floating branches. The roots are spongy and are colourless. These roots are present above the level of water. As these roots are spongy and soft they store air in them, which help the plant in floating. They also help in respiration process.

It is a simple fleshy fruit. It develops from a syncarpous inferior ovary having axile placentation. From the inner wall of the endocarp grow out numerous, thick, swollen hairs containing a syrupy juice. They are edible. For e. g., Orange, Lemon.

They are the layers of cells, which are loosely packed and are located just beneath the palisade mesophyll. It plays a vital role in holding the products of photosynthesis.

Presence of multicapellary, syncarpous and multilocular gynoecium. The ovules are borne all over the inner surface of the ovary. Superficial placentation is also known as the laminar placentation. This type of placentation is observed in Nymphaeceae and Butomaceae.

It is a simple, dry, dehiscent fruit developing from the monolocular ovary having marginal placentation. The pericarp dehisces along only the ventral suture, to liberate seeds. For e. g., calotropis, asclepias.

It is a type of extreme inflorescence where there is no branching and complete determinacy is seen. For e.g., magnolia.

Some trees have great plant-like roots that radiate from the base of the stem of the tree. It consists of partly root and partly stem. For e.g., Bombax.

Spike inflorescence has a long peduncle, which bears a number of sessile flowers in acropetal succession. For e.g., amaranthus.

In most of the desert plants, leaves are reduced and they appear as scales. The scale are thin, dry, membranous, stalk-less. This modification is evolved in order to minimise the rate of transpiration. For e.g., Incense Cedar, Western Red Cedar.

In harmful levels of sunlight, specialised leaves, opaque or partly buried, admit light through translucent windows for photosynthesis at inner leaf surfaces. For e.g., Fenestraria.

Serrate leaves are saw-toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward, such as Urtica.

Bulbil is a special multicellular body essentially meant for reproduction. In Agave the floral buds are modified into bulbils. These bulbils get detached, come in contact with the soil and develop into new plants. In Dioscorea the axillary bud develops into a bulbil. This bulbil detaches from the mother plant and grows up into a new independent one.

Runners are horizontally oriented stems that grow along the soil surface. Their function is vegetative production. Example: number of grasses have stolons. Strawberries are normally propagated asexually by two different methods: runners (stolons) and crown division.

Here, the pericarp dehisces longitudinally along the middle of each loculus into as many valves as there are carpels. For e.g., Lady's finger, Cotton.

Offshoots applies to lateral branches on stems of monocots. Date palm, pineapple, banana, and orchids produce offshoots. Bamboo also propagate from offshoots, if left unchecked they will form whole forests of plants.