NAND and NOR are Universal Logic Gates because these gates have the properties of combinations in them which can be used to accomplish any of the basic operations and can thus produce an inverter, OR / AND gate.

Each flp flop has two outputs , one for the normal value and the other giving the opposite value of what satae is stored . Therfore 5 flip flip are used.

The numbers range from -23 to +31represented bt minimum 7 bits and 1 additional bit is used for indication for sign bit.  

ECL means Emitter coupled logic. The Basic circuit of ECL support OR NOR logic.

Calculation: 9AA = 9 10 1023D=  2  3  13----------------------  11 14 23  = 11 14 (16+7)                                11 14 7. Final Answer =  B E 7 

AND is used in CARRY operation of Half adder.

Fourth generation computers mainly used in VLSI and LSI technology,  VSI -Large scale Integrated circuits and VLSI - Very large scale integrated circuits.

16 chips are required to construct a 2KB cache.

Hamming distance is used for error detection during data communication. So, distance is calculated by total of dissimilar bits, which is 5.

ROM (Read Only Memory), SRAM(static random accesss memory) and DRAM(dynamic RAM) all are types of semiconductor memories.

Flags hold a single bit to indicate certain conditions that arise during arithmetic and logical operations. The imporatant flag indicators are Carry , Zero , Sign and Parity .  Flags hold a single bit to indicate certain conditions that arise during arithmetic and logical operations. The imporatant flag indicators are Carry , Zero , Sign and Parity . 

To avoid wastage of memory, the instruction length should be word size, which is a multiple of character size.

DRAM cells are implemented by using capacitors, because they periodically refreshed, in a very short time.

Cycle stealing is a stategy whereby DMA module uses the system bus to move data between the I/O module/exeternal devices at times, when the CPU is not using the bus.

Ripple is a one bit asynchronous sequential counter circuit.

Cache memory is installed between CPU and Main memory in memory hierarchy.

 Loader is a program, used to place machine language program in a main memory in executable form.

All the above answers are incorrect. The sequence of microinstruction is called microprogam.

SRAM is expensive than DRAM and ROM because it stores information as long the power supply on and it also consumes more power.

Macros are expanded during program execution. A macro is a group of instructions that perform tasks.

Multiplexer is a combinational circuit having multiple input into one output. For example: 4x1 MUX = 4 inputs and 1 output.

BUS is a shared communication, consisting of one or a collection of lines. The CPU, memory and I/O devices may be connected by a common BUS topology.

Master slave J K flip flop prevents the data from racing through chain, at every clock pulse, the pattern is shifted only exactly one position.

A CPU with a 16 bit program counter can address 64K(65536) memory locations.

Data lines provide path for moving data between data system modules called as data bus. Example - 32 bit path data bus is viewed as a collection of wires.