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Embryogenesis

Description: This test will help the students to revise one of the most important topics i.e. sexual reproduction as it covers mant question from the topic.
Number of Questions: 15
Created by:
Tags: Reproduction in humans Sexually Transmitted Diseases Structure of Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Pregnancy and Parturition Pregnancy and Development Embryogenesis Embryonic Development
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All of the following are changes that occur to the fetal circulation within minutes of birth except

  1. the fetal heart shunts become closed

  2. constriction of the hepatic portal sinus

  3. the gas exchange occurs in the new born lungs

  4. constriction of the ductus venosus

  5. closure of the foramen ovale

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The hepatic portal sinus does not close.

Which of the following pregnancy complications are not related to the presence of pregestational diabetes?

  1. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

  2. Atrial septal defects (ASDs)

  3. Gastroschisis

  4. Pre-eclampsia

  5. Miscarriage

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Gastroschisis is not classically associated with poor glycemic control.

Which of the following organs does the first wave of fetal gamma delta T-cell receptor cells in an adult mouse, colonizes?

  1. Peripheral blood

  2. Skin

  3. Thymus

  4. Female reproductive tract

  5. Gut

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Nearly all gamma delta T-cells in the skin express V gamma 5.

Which of the following structures provides the major support to the uterus and cervix?  

  1. Scarpa fascia

  2. Round ligaments

  3. Broad ligament

  4. Uterosacral ligament

  5. Cardinal ligaments

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The cardinal (Mackenrodt) ligaments are condensations of visceral connective tissue that provide the major support of the uterus and cervix. They extend from the lateral aspects of the cervix and vagina to the posterolateral pelvic sidewalls.

The protective effects of breast milk are not associated with which one of the following?

  1. IgA antibodies

  2. Lysozyme

  3. Mast cells

  4. CD4 T cells

  5. Colostrum provides active immunity to the baby.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Mast cells originate from pluripotent hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. They are not present in breast milk.

Which nerve provides sensation to the skin over the suprapubic area?

  1. Iliohypogastric nerve

  2. Femoral nerve

  3. Ilioinguinal nerve

  4. Splanchnic nerves

  5. Pudendal nerve

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The iliohypogastric nerve passes medial to the anterosuperior iliac spine in the abdominal wall to supply the skin of the suprapubic area. It enters the anterior abdominal wall at a site 2–3 cm medial to the anterosuperior iliac spine and then courses between the layers of the rectus sheath. It is at risk for entrapment when closing a low transverse incision.

Which of the following is not a theory to explain the pathogenesis of endometriosis?

  1. Retrograde menstruation

  2. Coelomic metaplasia

  3. Hematogenous dissemination

  4. Lymphatic exfoliation

  5. Autoimmune disease

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Lymphatic exfoliation is a powerful healing or detox therapy. It is not a theory.

Which one of the following statements about immunoglobulin in fetal and neonatal infants is false?

  1. Maternal IgG is placentally transferred from 32 to 40 weeks of gestation.

  2. IgM is the first Ig to be made in the fetus.

  3. Most maternal IgG has been catabolized in a normal infant by 12 to 24 weeks of life.

  4. Breast milk IgA is absorbed by the infant's small intestine for up to 6 months of life.

  5. IgM antibodies does not pass across the human placenta.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Human infants do not absorb oral IgA from colostrum or milk, unlike lambs.

Stem cell factor is produced mainly by

  1. thymic epithelium

  2. the bone marrow stromal cells

  3. stem cell

  4. megakaryocytes

  5. reticuloendothelial system

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The bone marrow stromal cells comprise a complex mixture of cells including fibroblasts, macrophages and various other cell types. Stem cell factor (SCF) remains associated with the extracellular matrix and acts on primitive stem cells through a tyrosine kinase membrane receptor.

Which one of the following statements concerning the phospholipid antibody syndrome in pregnancy is true?  

  1. Women in pregnancy, with a history of serious thrombotic episodes and high levels of antiphospholipid antibodies, are treated with aspirin and low-dose of heparin.

  2. 95% of pregnant women with anti-phospholipid antibodies will suffer a miscarriage.

  3. Immunosuppression is used to reduce the level of antibody titres to achieve a successful pregnancy.

  4. Infants of mothers with antiphospholipid antibodies have congenital heart block.

  5. Antiphospholipid antibodies are present in 50-60% of all cases of deep vein thrombosis.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Such women are treated with aspirin and low-dose heparin - both in pregnancy and afterwards.

Hassall's corpuscles are groups of epithelial cells found in

  1. peripheral blood

  2. bone marrow

  3. spleen

  4. thymus

  5. peyer's patches

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Whorled aggregates of epithelial cells form these highly characteristic structures found in the thymus. They serve as a disposal system for dying thymocytes.

Which of the following diseases in an infant is not a manifestation of maternal IgG antibody crossing the placenta?  

  1. Myaesthenia gravis

  2. Malar rash

  3. HIV infection

  4. Thyrotoxicosis

  5. Haemolytic disease of the newborn.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

HIV infection is due to transmission of the HIV virus, not the antibody. However, the presence of maternal anti-HIV IgG can lead to diagnostic difficulty. It is therefore necessary to confirm HIV infection in the newborn by the presence of viral DNA or RNA using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Which of the following is the earliest site of hematopoiesis in the embryo?

  1. Bone marrow

  2. Liver

  3. Spleen

  4. Yolk sac

  5. Thymus

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Hematopoiesis originates in the early yolk sac but as embryogenesis proceeds, this function is taken over by the fetal liver and spleen, then later by the bone marrow where it continues throughout life.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease. Which one of the following statements associated with pregnancy in women with ITP is true?

  1. Twin pregnancies is more frequent.

  2. Neonatal ITP is seen in 80% of the neonates of women with ITP.

  3. In a mother with a previous history of an infant with neonatal bruising, it is not necessary to test the mother's serum against the father's platelets.

  4. Pregnant women with even mild ITP will suffer recurrent miscarriages.

  5. In a mother with a previous history of an infant with neonatal bruising, it is essential to test the mother's platelets for bound antibody.

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The mother might have subacute ITP or there may be alloimmune antibodies to platelet antigens (PLA).

Which one of the following statement about maternal antibodies and recurrent abortions is true?

  1. Maternal HLA antibodies are produced in only 10% of pregnancies.

  2. Maternal HLA antibodies are associated with recurrent abortions.

  3. There are many causes of recurrent miscarriages and often a cause is not found.

  4. Maternal antibodies to the TSH receptors is a common cause of recurrent abortions.

  5. Sufferer of Thrombophilia.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

This statement is correct. About one woman in 100 experiences recurrent miscarriage. For a third of women who have recurrent miscarriage, no reason will be found. But, there can be problems that cause some women to miscarry again and again.

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