The mitochondrial inner membrane is extensive and involves substantial infoldings called cristae that resemble the textured, outer surface of alpha-proteobacteria. The matrix and inner membrane are rich with the enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration.  

The non-template strand of DNA double helix has complementary base pair from template strand. The non-template strand has same sequence as in m-RNA but thymine is replaced by uracil here.

Due to the unidirectional flow of energy the pyramid of energy in all ecosystems occurs 'upright'.

The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which is two layers of phospholipids back-to-back. Phospholipids are lipids with a phosphate group attached to them. The phospholipids have one head and two tails. The head is polar and hydrophilic, or water-loving.

Endosperm is the most common nutritive tissue for the developing embryos in angiosperms. It is developed after fertilization by triple fusion i.e., by the fusion of two polar nuclei and second male gamete, therefore it is triploid. Family Orchidaceae, Podostemaceae and Trapaceae in angiosperms do not form endosperm. In gymnosperms the endosperm is formed before feritlization therefore it is haploid.

Lysosomes are organelles containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases). They are found in animal cells, while in plant cells the same roles are performed by the vacuole.

Ultrastructure of cell organelles can be studied best by electron microscope which was discovered by Knoll and Ruska in 1932.

Reserpine drug (an alkaloid) is obtained from the root bark of Rauwolfia serpentina (Family Apocynaceae) which is used in curing of high blood pressure and mental disorder.

Monoclonal antibodies are usually produced from hybridoma clones. Each hybridoma clone is derived by the fusion of a myeloma cell and antibody producing lymphocyte.

Presence of centrioles are the characteristics of animal cells, which forms mitotic poles during cell division.

In 'peritrichous' bacteria flagella are present all over the body surface. e.g., Salmonella, E.coli, Clostridium.

t - RNA or soluble RNA (s - RNA) are smallest RNA which made up of 73 - 93 nucleotides and their molecular weight ranges between 25,000 - 30,000.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.

Cheese and yogurt are are the products of milk fermentation. Fermentation is oxidation of food in absence of oxygen (Anaerobic respiration). This term was given by 'Pasteur' in 1860.

Appropriate recombinant E. coli clones carrying genes for human 'insulin' is prepared by genetic engineering.

Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) is situated at Cuttack (India) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Manila (Phillipines).

  Ashbya gossypii naturally possesses enzymes that is used to produce vitamin B₂, also known as riboflavin.

Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during zygotene phase of meiosis. Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes of the same type, size morphology and arrangement of gene loci. Out of the two homologous chromosomes present in an individual one is derived from the father and other from mother.

Humulin N (insulin isophane) is a man-made form of a hormone that is produced in the body. It works by lowering levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Insulin isophane is a long-acting form of insulin that is slightly different from other forms of insulin that are not man-made.Humulin N is used to treat diabetes.

Water pollution is the addition of any substance to water or changing of water's physical and chemical characteristics in any way which interferes with its use for legitimate purpose. The chief source of water pollution are sewage and other waste, industrial effuents agricultural discharges and industrial wastes from chemical industries-fossil fuel plants and nuclear power plants. Sewage is the water borne waste derived from home (domestic waste) and animal or food processing plants. It includes human excreta, paper, cloth, soap, detergents etc.

Ribosome is the site for protein synthesis (translation) in both prokaryotes (70S) and eukaryotes (80S). In eukaryotes, 80S type ribosomes are dispersed in cytoplasm or bind to RER.

Lichens are very sensitive to SO₂ and used as bioindicator of SO₂ pollution.

 Vacuole is enveloped by a unit membrane termed as 'tonoplast' and covering substance as 'Tonoplasm'.

Black pepper, Piper nigrum, is a climbing perennial plant in the family Piperaceae which is grown for its fruits. The fruits are used to produce black, white and green peppercorns which are commonly used as a spice in cooking. Black pepper may be vining or have bushy, wooden stems.

Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) is responsible for the disease of leaf roll in potato and Papaya leaf curl virus is responsible for disease of leaf curl of papaya.