Lithophiles have a high bonding affinity with oxygen. Lithophiles have an affinity to form ionic bonds, and are represented by silicates (silicon and oxygen) in the crust and mantle. Other lithophile elements include magnesium, aluminum, sodium, potassium, iron and calcium.

Balard was a French chemist , who isolated and identified, the element bromine. He was conducting a general investigation of seawater, when he found the previously unknown element, in seaweed and several marine animals.

Siderophiles exhibit a weak affinity, to both oxygen and sulphur. Siderophiles have an affinity for iron and a distinguishing characteristic of siderophiles is that, they exhibit high solubility in molten iron. Not abundant in the core or mantle, most siderophiles are thought to be richest, at the Earth's core. Platinum (Pt) group metals, including Ruthium (Ru), Rhodium (Rd), Palladium (Pd), Osmium (Os) and Iridium (Ir), exhibit a strong siderophile tendency.

Chalcophiles, lithophiles, siderophiles and atmophiles are classes of elements, based upon similar geochemical properties, and reactive affinities. The classes were originally advanced, by Swiss-born Victor Goldschmidt (1888-1947) and are terms still widely used by geologists and geochemists. The key factor in determining an element's class, is the type of chemical bonds that the element forms.

Siderophiles exhibit a weak affinity to both oxygen and sulphur. Siderophiles have an affinity for iron and a distinguishing characteristic of siderophiles, is that they exhibit high solubility, in molten iron. Siderophile elements generally have a low reactivity, and exhibit an affinity, to form metallic bonds. As a result, siderophiles are most often found in their native state. Not abundant in the core or mantle, most siderophiles are thought to be richest at the Earth's core. Platinum (Pt) group metals, including Ruthium (Ru), Rhodium (Rd), Palladium (Pd), Osmium (Os) and Iridium (Ir) exhibit a strong siderophile tendency.

Coating the surface with metals like tin, chromium, nickel, etc. by electroplating, is also utilized to prevent corrosion. Steel cans are protected by relatively un-reacted tin, and works well, as long as, the thin tin layer is complete

All of the above are methods to prevent corrosion.

Building on Volta's concepts, English chemist Humphry Davy, first produced sodium, from the electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide, in 1807. Subsequently, Davy isolated potassium, another alkali metal, from potassium hydroxide in the same year. Lithium was discovered in 1817.

Lithophiles have a high bonding affinity with oxygen. Lithophiles have an affinity to form ionic bonds and are represented by silicates (silicon and oxygen) in the crust and mantle. Other lithophile elements include magnesium, aluminum, sodium, potassium, iron and calcium.

Metals are not brittle. All metals are hard, except sodium and potassium, which are soft and can be cut with a knife.

Metals have the ability to withstand hammering, and can be made into thin sheets, known as foils.

Sonorous is an adjective, which means loud, deep, resonant sounds, that have an echoing or booming effect. In other words, sonorous simply means,  to produce loud and clear sounds.

Metals can be drawn into wires. 100 gm of silver can be drawn into a thin wire, about 200 meters long.

All the metlas are hard but not brittle, except zinc, at room temperature.

The molten metal that catches fire in chlorine gas, and gives off white fumes, is sodium.

The metal added to gold to harden it, is copper. It is also used in hot water systems, because it is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Metals are solids at room temperature, with the exception of mercury and gallium, which are liquids, at room temperature.

Sulphur is a non- metal used to prepare sulphur drugs and sulphur compounds like, sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide matches,  vulcanized rubber, dyes and gunpowder.

It is a white metal and can be hammered out, in to thin sheets. It is used to form metal coatings, to prevent chemical action and corrosion. It is also used to preserve food, panel lighting and soldering.

Its composition is: Re-melted pig iron with small amounts of scrap steel. It is hard, brittle, strong, cheap and self-lubricating. It is used for making, car cylinder blocks, vices, machine tool parts, brake drums, machine handle and gear wheels and plumbing fitments.

It's composition is: 0.15 to 0.30% carbon. It is tough, has high tensile strength and ductility. It can be used as girders, plates, nuts and bolts.

Lithophiles have a high bonding affinity, with oxygen. Lithophiles have an affinity to form ionic bonds, and are represented by silicates (silicon and oxygen) in the crust and mantle. Other lithophile elements include magnesium, aluminum, sodium, potassium, iron and calcium.

Acheson was an American chemist, who invented the process, to create carborundum. Carborundum is also known as silicon carbide, and is used, as an abrasive, semiconductor material and ceramic additive. Acheson  received 70 patents related, to the use and production of silicon carbide.

Chalcophile elements have a high bonding affinity—usually in the form of covalent bonds—with sulfur, and are usually abundant in sulfides. Chalcophiles also exhibit a bonding affinity, with selenium, tellurium, arsenic, and antimony and therefore also exhibit high levels of derivatives, of these elements. When sulfur is abundant, chalcophile elements readily form sulfide minerals, as they precipitate from the magma. This process partially explains the formation of extensive deposits, of iron-nickel-copper sulfides.

Chalcophile elements have a high bonding affinity. Chalcophile elements are those metals and heavier non - metals that have a low affinity for oxygen and prefer to bond with sulpur as highly insoluble sulphides.