The most common algal partner in lichens belongs to green algae.

  Early blight of potato is caused by Alternaria solani.

  Ovules are naked in gymnosperms because they are not enclosed in ovary .The ovules are naked, pollen grains can enter the ovules through an opening (micropyle) on the integument. Each pollen grain germinates inside the ovule into a pollen tube, which delivers and releases two male nuclei or two flagellate sperms.

Chemotaxonomy is based on secondary metabolites. Chemotaxonomy is the method of biological classification based on similarities in the structure of certain compounds among the organisms being classified.

 Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carolus Linnaeus and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy.

 Mesosomeman organelle of bacteria that appears as an invagination of the plasma membrane and functions either in DNA replication and cell division or excretion of exoenzymes.

 Classification of kingdom protista is mainly based on locomotory organs. Flagella and cillia are the locomotory organs of protistans.

 The thylakoid lipid bilayer shares characteristic features with prokaryotic membranes and the inner chloroplast membrane. For example, acidic lipids can be found in thylakoid membranes, cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria and are involved in the functional integrity of the photosystems.

 A system of classification, in which a large number of phenotypic traits are considered, is natural system.

 A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in bacteria as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.

 Dictyosomes are not present in Rhizobium. 

 Nuclear dimorphism is a term referred to the special characteristic of having two different kinds of nuclei in a cell. This feature is observed in protozoan ciliates.

  Introduction of fish Gambusia in village ponds will help in elimination of mosquito larvae.

Euglenoids have two photosensitive structures: eye spot and paraflagellar body.

 Trichonympha is a genus of parabasalid protists that live in the intestines of many, if not most, termite species. They are symbiotes, in that they break down the cellulose in the wood and plant fibers their hosts eat.